Term
|
Definition
| simple cells without a nuclei (methanogen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell contain nucleus (multicellular algae) |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain non-photosynthetic organisms, multicellular usually. Digest food externally. (Mushroom) |
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Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic multicellular organism primary terrestrial (Flowering plant) |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-photosynthetic multicellular organism digest food internally (ram) |
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Term
|
Definition
| archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
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|
Term
| 5 basic properties of life |
|
Definition
| cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth +reproduction, heredity |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell is a tiny compartment with a thin convering called the membrane. Humans have 10-100 trillion cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of energy. Transfer of energy from one form to another. photosynthesis + animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Keeping stable internally from the environment. Keeping interior conditions relatively constant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Offspring, bacteria growth, increasing cell growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA, transmission of characteristics |
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|
Term
| (organization of life) the 3 general levels of complexity |
|
Definition
| cellular level, organismal level, population level |
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|
Term
| (organization of life) 13 hierarchical levels |
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Definition
| atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, emergent properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| atoms joined together into complex clusters (adenine) |
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Term
|
Definition
| large complex molecules (DNA) |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex biological molecules assembled into tiny compartments within cells (nucleus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound units of organelles + other elements. Smallest level of organization that can be considered alive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| most basic level (nerve tissue) composed of cells called neurons that carry electrical signals |
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Term
|
Definition
| tissues are a group of organs (brains) composed of nerve cells + tissues which protect as covering + distribute blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| (nervous system) sensory organs, the brain + spinal cord, neurons that convery signals through body + supporting cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| organ system functions + forms organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| most basic group of organism living in the same place (flock of geese) in a pond |
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Term
|
Definition
| all populations of a certain kind (canadian geese) |
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Term
|
Definition
| all populations of different species living in one area (in a pond: geese, ducks, fish, grasses, insects) |
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Term
|
Definition
| highest tier. biological community + soil + water |
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Term
|
Definition
| more complex functional properties such as metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in species overtime |
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|
Term
| charles darwin in 1859.... |
|
Definition
| proposed natural selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that progress overtime, reproduce offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| selection of breeders to exhibit exaggerated characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| all organisms need energy. sun is source. photosynthesis. sugars. food chain. tropic levels. key factor in shaping organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| role of interaction between species |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms of 2 diff species live in direct contact that form a relationship ex: ant + plant |
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|
Term
| structure determines function |
|
Definition
| adjustment in the environment from physical characteristics evolution suiting organisms to meet challenges of the living |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act to maintain stable in an internal environment |
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Term
| 6 stages of scientific investigation |
|
Definition
| observation, hypothesis,predictions, testing, controls, conclusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| an expected consequence if hypothesis is true |
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Term
|
Definition
| experiment (test of hypothesis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| variable, control experiment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| each factor that might influence a process |
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Term
|
Definition
| no alter in variable but altered in the beginning to test hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypothesis testing + not rejected + tentatively accepted. Theory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of related hypothesis with many past tests + not rejected. higher degree of certainty. |
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|
Term
| Robert Hooke in England 1665.... |
|
Definition
| discovered cells using one of the first microscopes. magnified 30 times |
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|
Term
| anton van laeuwenhoek.... |
|
Definition
| used microscope magnified 300 times. discovered single celled life in a drop of pond water |
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|
Term
| matthias schleiden german 1839 + Theodor Schwann |
|
Definition
| concluded that all living organisms consist of cells (cell theory) |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA formed from 2 long chains of building blocks A T C G |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins in RNA molecules encoded by an organisms genes determine what it will be like |
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|
Term
| A human cell has __ chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gregor Mendel + theory of hereditary |
|
Definition
| First advanced theory 1865. Genes of an organism are inherited as discrete units |
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|
Term
| chromosomal theory of inheritance |
|
Definition
| genes of mendels theory are physically located on chromosomes because they are parceled out in a regular manner during reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| regular duplication of these chromosomes during sexual reproduction responsible for pattern of inheritance |
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|
Term
| Eukarya in the kingdom of life contains |
|
Definition
| protista, plantae, fungi, animalia |
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|
Term
| Theory of evolution was advanced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diversity of the living world to natural selection. different life forms. offspring. genes. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| energy of position in elections. opposite attraction - +. cells use to drive atoms for chemical reactions |
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|
Term
| An atom is described by the number of |
|
Definition
| protons in its nucleus or overall mass of the atom |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force gravity exerts on a substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by ordinary chemical means |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical behavior of atoms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| energy level of an atom. Specific number of orbitals |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrically charged atoms that number of electrons does not equal number of protons because it gained or lost one or more electrons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| loses an electron. unbalanced charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gains electron(s) negatively charged ions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| atoms with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, same atomic number, different mass number |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleus breaks up into particles with lower atomic numbers. used in dating fossils. medical procedures. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| energy or force holding 2 atoms together |
|
|
Term
| 3 principal kinds of chemical bonds |
|
Definition
| ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| force is generated attraction of oppositely charged ions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| force results from sharing of electrions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force is generated by sttraction of opposute partial electrical charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only one pair of electrons is shared between 2 atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 pairs of electrons shared strong bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 pairs shared very strong |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 atoms are very close to one another. Attraction is very weak. Disappears if moved apart. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when the other polar molecules is another water molecule. created by surface tension of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the force that causes water to bead or supports the wight of an insect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| other polar molecules is a different substance. is why things get wet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water clings to any substance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| non-polar which means does not get wet |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules in solution form. Maximum number of hydrogen bonds possible and gather around polar molecules or molecules with an electrical charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molecules orient around each ion, preventing ions from re-associating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polar molecules that dissolve in water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| non-polar molecules shy away in water, forced into association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (water loving) polar molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent bond breaks. proton dissociates from molecule as positively charged ion. rest of molecule if negatively charged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way to express hydrogen ion concentration from solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest pH is 0 lowest is 7 ranges from 0 to 14 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+. pH values below 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water. Alkaline solutions. Above 7 in the pH scale sodium hydroxide NaOH have pH value of 12 or more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH in almost all living cells is a chemical substance. minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- by taking up or releasing hydrogen ions into solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by living organisms and consist of carbon based core with special groups attached large molecules found in food. Lipids, Fats, Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act as units during chemical reactions and confer specific chemical properties on the molecules that possess them |
|
|
Term
| body is made up of 4 kinds of organic molecules" |
|
Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules... very large building material of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macromolecules are assembled by sticking smaller bits in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules built up of long chains of similar subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent bond formed between two subunits in which a hydroxyl group (OH) is from one subunit + a hydrogen (H) is removed from the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaking up of a polymer. hydrogen bond becomes attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl to another which breaks covalent bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex macromolecules within the bodies of all organisms |
|
|
Term
| Most important type of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains protein (cartilage, bones, tendons) other proteins can be messengers within brain to body |
|
|
Term
| structural protein (keratin) |
|
Definition
| forms hair, nails, feather, and components of horns |
|
|
Term
| structural protein (collagen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin + myoscin in muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells contain protein hemoglobin, transports oxygen in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells destroy foreign cells in the body and make antibody proteins that attack invaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small molecules with simple basic structure (a central carbon atom attached to an amino group, carboxyl group, and hydrogen atom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines chemical properties of amino acids some are polar + some are nonpolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent bond linking 2 amino acids togethar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds forming between different part of the polypeptide chain stabalize the folding of the polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonpolar polypeptide chain folds up in water. 3 dimensional shape. folded+twisted in the case of a globular molecule. Determined by exactly where in a polypeptide chain the nonpolar amino acids occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unfolding protein from proteins environment changing by either increafsing temp or lswering the pH in which is altered hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very long polymers that serve as the genetic information storage devices of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 carbon sugar (in blue), phosphate group (in yellow), organic nitrogen containing base (in orange) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual sugars with their attached nitrogenous bases that are linked through dehydration reactions in a line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sugar ribose, uracil nucleotide, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydroxyl group replaced with hydrogen atom that contains thymine nucleotide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers that make up structural framework of certain cells and play a critical role in energy storage. Any molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist of one subunit: Glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms when 2 monossacharides form together through dehydration reaction. Table sugar. Sucrose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking the sugars together into long polymer chains. Plants+Animals store energy. |
|
|
Term
True or False
Plants= starch
Animals= glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Plants= cellulose
Animals= chitin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats and all other biological molecules that are not soluble in water. Non polar. Cluster together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximum # of hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artificial industrial add of hydrogens extends shelf life of food like p.b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of unsat rated fat linked to heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol, phospholipids, testosterone, estradiol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think slice of nonliving plant tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| compartments in the cork. cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed first statement of cell theory " all plants are aggregrates of fully individualized independent separate beings namely the cell themselves" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reported all animal tissues also consist of individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organisms are composed are composed of cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 principles for cell theory |
|
Definition
| 1. all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells, life process. 2. cells are the smallest living things. nothing alive is smaller than a cell. 3. cells arise only by division of a previous existing cell. life on earth represents of continuous line of descent from those of early cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cells of the nervous system that have long thread life extensions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| structural feature that increases surface area are small finger life projections that dramatically increase a cells surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way to increase resolution of small objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses 2 magnifying lenses to focus on the receptor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopes that magnify in stages using several lenses 200 NM |
|
|
Term
| transmission electron microscope TEM |
|
Definition
| resolving objects only 0.2 nanometers apart. twice the diameter of hydrogen atom |
|
|
Term
| scanning electron microscope SEM |
|
Definition
| beams the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. Amplified electrons. image is transmitted and photography. producing 3 dimensional picture |
|
|
Term
| two main groups of prokaryotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almost all bacteria and archaea is a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| additional layer that encloses the cell wall |
|
|
Term
true or false
archaea=diverse
bacteria= abundant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scattered throughout the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells that are small spherical structures sites where proteins are made. not considered organelles. lack membrane boundary. not considered nucleus. not enclosed within internal membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotics use to move. long thread like structures. made of protein fibers that project from surface of cell. used in locomotion and feeding. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| relatively uniform interior that is not subdivided by internal membranes into separate compartments. don't have organelles or nucleus. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| short flagella. pili helps prokaryotic cell attach to appropriate substrates and in the exchange of genetic information between cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| larger with complex interior organization |
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Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. encases a semi fluid matrix |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized structure within which particular cell processes occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. specific function in eukaryotic cell. organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports organelles and cell shape and plays a role in cell motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centriole, cilia and flagella. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intertwined protein fibers that provides support and strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisted protein fibers that are responsible for cell movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. command center of the cell inside the DNA is wound around proteins and into compact units (chromosomes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| site where ribosomes are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening embedded with proteins that regulates passe into and out of the nucleus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small complexes of RNA and protein that are sites of protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| the hallmark of eukaryotic cell is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. smooth+ rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| system of internal membranes rhat aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids |
|
|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| system of internal membranes that studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis. weaves through cell interior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells/animal cells. small membrane bound sacs that store and transport materials form closed off compartments in the cell allowing different processes to process simultaneously without interfering with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles that are recycling centers that have acidic interior in which old organelles are broken down and their component molecules recycled. destructive if released into cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| only in plant cells. outer layer in some organisms that provides support. composed of cellulose or chitin fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| only in plant cells. organelle containing thylakoids the sires of photosynthesis. protists. photosynthesis occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in plant cells only. inplants, storage compartment for water, sugars, ions, pigments |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane surrounding the central vacuole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells only. openings in the cell wall that function in cell-cell communication. creates cytoplasmic connections between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in animal cells only. complex assembly of microtubles that occurs in pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encasing all living cells is a delicate sheet of molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all plasma membranes have the same basic structure of proteins embedded in a sheet of lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lipid bilayer that forms the foundation of a plasma membrane is composed of modified fat molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms spontaneously. collection of phospholipi molecules placed in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layer phospholipid molecules has polarhead facing water and its nonpolar tail facing away from water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonpolar lipid molecule that resides in the interior portion of the bilayer. multiringed molecule that affects the fluid nature of the membrane. can accumulate in blood vessels forming plaques that leads to cardiovascular disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act as markers to identify particular types of cells or as beacons to the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that extend all the way across the bilayer that can provide passageways that extend all the way across the bilayer that can provide passageways for ions and polar molecules like water so they can pass into and out the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bounds the surface of the nucleus that is a special kind of membrane. two membranes one outside the other acts as a barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as a passageway for the nucleur envelope. scattered over the surface. forms when 2 membranes layers of the nuclear envelope pinch together. not an empty opening. has many proteins embedded within that permits proteins and RNA to pass into and out the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic chromosomes uncoil and fully extend into threadlike strands. available for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| process (protein synthesis) |
|
Definition
| RNA copies genes made from the DNA in the nucleus. RNA molecules leave the nucleus through pores and enter cytoplasm where proteins synthesize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell employs a special structure to make its many proteins. reads the RNA cope of a gene and use into to direct the construction of a protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special form of RNA rRNA bound up within a complex of several dozen different proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribosome subunits are assembled in a region within the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive system of internal membrane ER within the cytoplasm. little net. creates a series of channels and interconnection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolates spaces as a membrane enclosed sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER devoted to the synthesis of such transported proteins that is heavily studded with ribosomes and appears pebbley like the surface of sandpaper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER bound ribosomes that are relatively scarce correspondingly. embedded with ensymes that aid in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new molecules that are made on the surface of the ER then passed from the ER to flattened stacks of membranes. few to twenty in animals cells. Several hundred in plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Golgi bodies collectively scattered though the cytoplasm. collect, package, and distribute molecules manufactured in the cell |
|
|
Term
| rough ER + Smooth ER + golgi = |
|
Definition
| endomembrane transport system in the cell |
|
|
Term
| transport system in the cell (1) |
|
Definition
| proteins and lipids manufactured on the ER membranes transported through channels of the ER and packaged into transport vesicles that bud off form the ER |
|
|
Term
| transport system in the cell (2) |
|
Definition
| molecules become tagged with carbohydrates. molecules collect at ends of the membranous folds of golgi bodies (cisternae) |
|
|
Term
| transport system in the cell (3) |
|
Definition
| vesicles pinch off from cisternae carry molecules to different compartments of the cell |
|
|
Term
| transport system in the cell (4) |
|
Definition
| OR the inner surface of the plasma membrane = molecules secreted and released to the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arise from the golgi body complex and contain a concentrated mix of the powerful enzymed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior of plants and many protist cell contain membrane bounded storage compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center of plant cell that contains large empty space. has large amounts of water and other materials. functions as storage center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria taken up by ancestral eukaryotic cells in the distant past and remained living inside the last cell forming a relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex series of chemical reactions in which eukaryotic organisms extract energy from organic molecules "food" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sausage shaped organelles size of bacterial cell bounded by 2 membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth derives from the plasma membrane of the host cell that first took up bacterium long ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of the bacterium that gave arise to the mitochondrion. bent into numerous folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of inner membrane the numerous folds various groups of bactera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle of innermembrane. cutaway. into 2 compartments capturing centers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside the chloroplast another series of membranes that are fused to form stacks of closed vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thylakoids that are stacked on top of another to form a column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior of a chloroplast that is bathed with a semiliquid substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some of todays eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis in which one cell of a prokaryotic species was engulfed by and lived inside the cell of another species of prokaryote that was a precursor to eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| a dense netowrk of protein fibers. proved framework that supports the shape of the cell. anchors organelles like the mitochondria to fixed location within the cell interior |
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| 3 different kinds of protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| microfilaments (actin filaments), actin, microtubules. |
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| long fibers about 7 nanometers in diameter each filament is composed of 2 protein chains loosely twined together like 2 strands of pearls |
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| each subunit on the chains is the glubular protein. are found throughout the cell but are most highly concentrated just inside the plasma membrane. responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, pinching, during division and forming of cellular extensions |
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Definition
| cytoskeletal elements that serve to organize metabolism and intercellular transport in the non-dividing and stabilize cell structure. responsible for the movement of chromosomes in mitosis. |
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| composed overlapped staggered tetramers of protein bundled into cables. stable and usually do not break down. provide structural reinforcement to the cell and organelles |
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Definition
| complex structure assembled microtubules from tubulin subunits in the cells of animals and most protists. occurs in pairs within the cytoplasm. usually located at right angles to one another. usually found near the nuclear envelope and are among the most structurally complex microtubular assemblies of the cell |
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Definition
| some eukaryotic cells contain it. fine long threadlike organelles protruding from the cell surface |
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| microtubular structures groups arranged in rows of 3 shown in the cross sectional view. some extend up to the flagellum. circle of 9. surrounding 2 central microtubules. |
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Definition
| flagella in numerous and organized in dense rows. do not differ in structure from flagella but usually shorter. breathing tube, trachea, move mucus, dust particles out of respiratory trae and into the throat |
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Definition
| the net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient toward regions of lower concentration as a result of random motion |
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Definition
| small channel water molecules pass through that traverse the membrane so water freeley across the plasma membrane. blocks passages of protons |
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Definition
| water passes across a cell membrane down is concentration gradient |
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Definition
| concentration of all molecules dissolved in a solution |
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Definition
| if osmotic concentrations of two solutions are equal |
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Definition
| 2 solutions have unequal osmotic concentration solution with higher solute concentration |
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| movement of water into a cell by osmosis creates pressure. can cause a cell to swell and burst. most animal cells cannot withstand osmotic pressure unless plasma membrane is braced to resist the swelling. if in water it will burst |
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Term
| turgor pressure in plants |
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Definition
| important for plant cells to maintain shape. without water plants wilt. cell walls. |
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Definition
| cells of many eukaryotes take in food and liquids by extending their plasma membranes outward toward food particles. membrane engulfs the particle and forms a vesicle a membrane bounded sac around it |
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Definition
| material the cell takes place in its particulate such as an organism like red bacterium or some other fragment of organic water |
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Definition
| material the cell takes in is liquid or substances dissolved in a liquid like small particles common among animal cells |
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Definition
| discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface proteins and other molecule are secreted from cells in small pockets called secretory vesicles membrane fuse with plasma membrane |
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Definition
| cells contain what enters and leaves |
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Definition
| equalizes concentration of such molecules on both sides of the membrane with molecules moving toward the side where they are scarcest |
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Definition
1 particular membrane can bind to special protein carriers in plasma membrane 2 protein carrier helps diffusion process and does not require energy 3. molecule is released on the far side of the membrane.
transport of molecules across a membrane by a carrier protein in the direction of lowest concentration |
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Definition
| movement of molecules across membrane to a region of higher concentration by expenditure of energy |
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Definition
| most important active transport protein |
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