Term
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Definition
- the joining of the sperm and an ovum
- sperm uses acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida
- acrosomal apparatus is established on sperm injects its pronucleus
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Term
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Definition
| a release of calcium ions when the sperm penetrates the ovum which increases the zygote's metabolic rate and prevents additional sperm from getting in |
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Term
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Definition
| the early divisions of cells in the embryo, in the early stages overall volume doesn't change, only the number of cells |
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Term
| indeterminate vs determinate cleavage |
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Definition
| cleavage that results in cells that are capable of becoming any cell in an organism vs cells that are committed to differentiating into a specific cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| solid mass of cells seen in early development |
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Term
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Definition
- formed from blastulation
- a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity known as a blastocoel
- known as blastocyst in mammals
- contains trophoblast cells and the inner cell mass
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Term
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Definition
| surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| forms when the blastula implants into the endometrium, nourishes and maintains fetus through umbilical cord |
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Term
| chorion and chorionic villi |
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Definition
| chorion is an extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta. It has finger like projections that burrow into the endometrium and are sites for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| support embryo until placenta is developed |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, tough membrane that is filled with and produces amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation fo three distinct cell layers which results in a gastrula |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane invagination into the blastocoel that later develops into the gut |
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Term
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Definition
| opening of the archenteron that develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes |
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Term
| What does the ectoderm give rise to? |
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Definition
- integument: epidermis, hair, nails, epithelia of nose, mouth and lower anal canal
- lens of the eye
- nervous system, including adrenal medulla
- inner ear
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Term
| What does the mesoderm give rise to? |
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Definition
- musculoskeletal system
- circulatory
- most of the excretory systems
- gonads
- muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems
- adrenal cortex
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Term
| What does the mesoderm give rise to? |
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Definition
- musculoskeletal system
- circulatory
- most of the excretory systems
- gonads
- muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems
- adrenal cortex
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Term
| What does the endoderm give rise to? |
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Definition
- epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, including lungs
- pancreas
- thyroid
- bladder
- distal urinary tracts
- parts of the liver
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Term
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Definition
development of the nervous system
- rod of mesodermal cells, notochord, forms along the long axis of the oranism like a primitive spine
- notochord induces a group of overlying ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds
- neural folds grow toward one another until they fuse into a neural tube which gives rise to the central nervous system
- neural crest cells at the tip of each neural fold give rise to the peripheral nervous system
- ectodermal cells will migrate over the neural tube and crests to cover the rudimentary nervous system
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Term
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Definition
| rod of mesodermal cells that forms along the long axis of the organism; it induces the overlying ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds (a step in neurulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the central nervous system; forms when neural folds grow towards one another until they fuse |
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Term
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Definition
| found at the tip of each neural fold, they migrate outward to form the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that interfere with development causing defects or even death of the developing embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or by morphogens |
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Term
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Definition
| promote development down a specific cell line |
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Term
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Definition
| able to differentiate into all cell types, including the three germ layers and placental structures |
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Term
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Definition
| able to differentiate into all three of the germ layers and their derivatives |
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Term
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Definition
| able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| act on the same cell that released the signal |
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Term
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Definition
| act on cells in the local area |
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Term
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Definition
| act through direct stimulation of the adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| act on distant tissues after traveling through the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body; liver has high capacity, kidney somewhat, heart none at all |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which has a higher affinity for oxygen, fetal hemoglobin or adult hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a one way valve that connects the right atrium to the left atrium that allows blood entering the right atrium to flow into the left atrium and straight into systemic circulation avoiding the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| shunts blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| What are the two shunts used to reroute blood from the lungs in fetal circulation? |
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Definition
foramen ovale - connects right atrium to left atrium
ductus arteriosus - pulmonary artery to the aorta |
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