Term
| What are the 4 basic tenets of cell theory? |
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Definition
- All living things are composed of cells
- The cell is the basic funcitonal unit of life
- Cells arise only from preexisting cells
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell
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Term
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Definition
- membrane-bound organelles
- nucleus
- can form multicellular organisms
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Term
| What is the function of the cytosol? |
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Definition
| suspends the organelles and allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell |
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Definition
- contains DNA organized into chromosomes
- surround by the nuclear membrane
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Definition
| surrounds nucleus contains nuclear pores for two way exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytosol |
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Definition
| subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized |
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Definition
| contain an inner and outer membrane; inner membrane is folded into cristae and contains enzymes for the electron transport chain; divides independently by binary fission; can trigger apoptosis by releasing mitochondrial enzymes |
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Definition
| contain hydrolitic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products; if enzymes released causes autolysis |
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Definition
| series of interconnected membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope; rough ER has ribosomes to translate proteins, smooth ER is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification |
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Definition
| stacked membrane-bound sacs in which cellular products can me modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations |
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Definition
| contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via β-oxidation; involved in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| provides stability and rigidity to the overall structure of the cell, while also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell |
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Definition
| composed of actin, provide structural protection for the cell and can cause muscles interactions with myosin; help form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis |
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Definition
| composed of tubulin, they create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein; contribute to structure of cilia and flagella |
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Definition
| found at centrosome and organized microtubules in the mitotic spindle |
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Definition
| region of the cell where centrioles can be found |
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Definition
| part of the region on the chromosome that link two sister chromatids together |
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Definition
| involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton; they help anchor organelles; common examples are keratine and desmin |
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Definition
| covers the body and lines its cavities, protecting against pathogen invasion and desiccation; may absorb or secrete substance and participate in sensation |
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Definition
| the functional part of an organ, often made up of epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells; in most organs they form the stroma (support structure) by secreting mateials to form an extracellular matrix; bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood |
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Definition
| found in prokaryotes, where their DNA is concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| often extremophiles; have similarities with bacteria and eukaryotes |
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Term
| What are the three main bacterial shapes? |
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Definition
cocci - spherical
bacilli - rod-shaped
spirilli - spiral |
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Term
| Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria |
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Definition
gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
gram negative have thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides |
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Term
| How do prokaryotes multiply? |
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Definition
| Through binary fission, in which the chromosome replicates while the cell grows in size, until it is big enough to split in two |
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Definition
| plasmids that can integrate into the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjuagtion bridge |
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome |
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Term
| What are the phases of bacterial growth? |
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Definition
| lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, death phase |
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Definition
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Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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Definition
| can be translated by the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a complementary strand must be synthesized using RNA replicase |
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Term
| What are the two specific life cycles of the bacteriophage? |
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Definition
lytic cycle - the bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses
Lysogenic cycle - virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus, or prophage, which can then reproduce along with teh cell. The provirus then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time and enters the lytic cycle |
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Definition
| infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, usally converting to an alpha-helical structure to a beta-pleated sheet |
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Definition
| plant pathogens that are small cirlces of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangments of the cells and potentially death |
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