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Biology Ch. 10 - Homeostasis
MCAT
15
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/28/2016

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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the three processes that occur in the kidney as part of its main function?
Definition
  • filtration - the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman's capsule. The direction and rate of filtration is determine Starling forces (differences in oncotic and hydrostatic pressure differentials)
  • secretion - the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule
  • reabsorption - the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood
Term
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
  • bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water 
  • secretion of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea
Term
What is the function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
Definition
It is permeable to water but not salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate. The vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions, creating a countercurrent multiplier system that allows maximal reabsorption of water
Term
What is the function of the ascending loop of Henle?
Definition
It is permeable to salt but not water; therefor, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The diluting segment is in the out medulla and actively transports salt from the filtrate back into the vasa recta making the filtrate hypotonic compared to blood at this site
Term
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
Definition
is responsive to aldosterone (promotes salt reabsorption) and is a site for waste product excretion, like the PCT
Term
What is the function of the collecting duct?
Definition
responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs
Term
aldosterone
Definition
steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure), but no change in blood osmolarity
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Its release is stimulated not only by low blood volume but also by high blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure) and a decreased blood osmolarity
Term
The kidneys also help maintain blood pH by selectively excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Definition
Term
What are the three layers of the skin from deepest to most superficial?
Definition
  • hypodermis
  • dermis
  • epidermis
Term
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
Definition
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale

Come Lets Get Sun Burned

Term
What types of cells are found in the epidermis?
Definition
  • Langerhans cells - macrophages
  • keratinocytes - produce keratin
  • melanocytes - produce melanin, a skin pigment
Term
What are the layers of the dermis and what can be found in each layer?
Definition
  • papillary layer - most superficial, consists of loose connective tissue
  • reticular layer 
  • sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles are found in dermis
  • merkel cells (discs) sensory receptors present at dermal-epidermal junction; responsible for deep pressure
  • meissner's corpuscles - respond to light touch
  • Ruffini endings - respond to stretch
  • Pacinian corpuscles - respond to deep pressure and vibration
Term
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Definition
connects the skin to the rest of the body
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