Term
| What happens during dehydration synthesis? |
|
Definition
| By losing water, you're making bonds. When the water molecule is removed, a longer polymer is made, now with 4 monomers instead of 3. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
| The polymer below has 4 polymers. The picture shows one monomer being broken off the polymer. We now have one monomer and a polymer. The process of adding water breaks bonds is called hydrolysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonded togenther. Synthesized by nature (salt). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that contains a carbon-hydrogen bond. Are the chemicals of life. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main types of organic compounds? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a monomer, a dimer, and a polymer? |
|
Definition
monomer = 1
dimer = 2
polymer = 3+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the process of dehydration synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the process of hydrolysis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (C6H12O6) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Body's primary source of short-term energy; also used to store energy for organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the food sources of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monosaccharides of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
Simple sugar - most basic of carbohydrates.
Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose |
|
|
Term
| What are the disaccharides of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
Formed when two monosacchorides joined together during dehydration synthesis.
Ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose |
|
|
Term
What are the polysaccharides of carbohydrates?
|
|
Definition
Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides
Ex. starch, glychoden, cellulose, chiten |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Long term energy storage, makeup cell membranes, makes up our hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer of lipids? |
|
Definition
| A typical containing glystrol, and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of lipids? |
|
Definition
Not solutable in water, saturated fats are solid at room temperature, unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
|
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Promote chemical reactions in your body (enzymes), provide structural supports (muscles, collagen, cartilage, hair, nails) |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Amino acids (2 amino acids = peptides, 3+ amino acids = polypeptides) |
|
|
Term
| What are the food sources of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Meat, legumes, nuts, veggies (very small amount) |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, H, O, N, P) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| Stores genetic information, makes proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroids are what types of organic molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain why our bodies naturally produce steroids. |
|
Definition
| It produces steroids in order to support functions. |
|
|
Term
| What are Anabolic steroids? |
|
Definition
| An artificially produced hormones that are similar to the male type sex hormones in our body. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the effects of testosterone during puberty? |
|
Definition
| It deepens males' voices and growth of body hair. |
|
|
Term
| How long do anabolic steroids remain in the body? |
|
Definition
| Couple of days to about a year |
|
|
Term
| List 3 serious or long term side effects of anabolic steroids. |
|
Definition
| Dizziness, sleeping problems, aching joints |
|
|
Term
| List 2 risks that are specific to girls. |
|
Definition
| Increased facial hair, enlargement of the clitoris |
|
|
Term
| List 2 risks that are specific for guys. |
|
Definition
| Urinating pain, sterility |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the serious psychological side effects of using steroids? |
|
Definition
| Drugs with needles, uncontrollable of anger, developing roid rage |
|
|
Term
| Why might a steroid user end up in an emergency room? |
|
Definition
| They might end up developing irritability, paranoia, and severe depression. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the side effects once someone stops taking steroids? |
|
Definition
| They will start using other drugs like alcohol or cocaine. |
|
|
Term
| What does hGH stand for? Why do doctors prescribe hGH? |
|
Definition
| hGH stands for human Growth Hormone. Doctors prescribes hGH for people whose bodies don't naturally make enough growth hormone, a condition known as the growth hormone deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| Why should professional athletes (or anyone else) not take steroids? |
|
Definition
| Because it is bad for your health, which can cause dizziness, urine problems, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes are organic catalists which means substances that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation of energy. |
|
|
Term
| How does enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Without enzymes, chemical reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life. |
|
|
Term
| List the steps from substrate to product using an enzyme. |
|
Definition
1. Substrate binds to enzymes
2. Substrate is converted into product
3. Products are released
4. Active site is available for another molecule of substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thing (reactants) that goes into an enzyme to get converted into a product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A place on an enzyme that the substrate attaches. |
|
|
Term
| Is an enzyme altered (changed) as a result of catalyzing a reaction? |
|
Definition
| No, enzymes don't waste up. They are like keys to locks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that affect enzymatic activity? |
|
Definition
| Temperature, pH, concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unraveling of the protein losing its shape. Loss of structure leads to loss of function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction or other process, or that reduces the activity of a particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| What is competitive inhibition? |
|
Definition
| A form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
| What is noncompetitive inhibition? |
|
Definition
| It changes the conformation of an enzyme as well as its active site, which makes the substrate unable to bind to the enzyme effectively so that the efficiency decreases. |
|
|
Term
| What do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes? (How does each work? How much can each magnify a specimen?) |
|
Definition
| The light microscope have visible light that passes through the specimen and the lens bends the light. The electron microscope is used to study structures inside or on the surface of cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
- All living things are made up of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism
- New cells are produced from pre-exisiting cells
|
|
|
Term
| What are the five levels of organization? |
|
Definition
| Cells...tissues...organs...organ systems...organisms |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic features of all cells? |
|
Definition
- DNA
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
|
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
| They have no nucleus. Their DNA is found in the nucleoid. They do not have any membrane-bound organelles. Their average size would be from 1 to 5um in diameter. Organisms with this type of cell would be bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| They have a nucleus. The DNA is found inside the nucleus. They have membrane-bound organelles. The average size would be from 10 to 100um in diameter. Organisms with this type of cell would be animal, plant, fungi, and protist. |
|
|
Term
| How can cells be specialized to perform different functions? Provide specific examples. |
|
Definition
| They are multicellular organisms and are composed of different types of cells. Examples can be blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, skin cells. |
|
|
Term
| What other names do we use to refer to the cell membrane> |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, organelles |
|
|
Term
| In your own words, what does selectively permeability mean? |
|
Definition
| Lets only certain things in and out of something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control what enters and leaves the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps transport substances in and out of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps cells identify each other. |
|
|
Term
| Why do cells have to be so small? |
|
Definition
| They can function more efficiently than larger ones, they are able to exchange substances more rapidly with their environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoskeleton made of? |
|
Definition
| They are made of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles. |
|
|
Term
| What three functions does the cytoskeleton help with? |
|
Definition
| They help in cell movements, shape, and division. |
|
|
Term
| How are cilia and flagella similar? How do they differ? |
|
Definition
| They both help cells with their movements. The difference is that flagella has a tail like structure while cilia has a hair like structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary protrusion of the surface of an ameboid cell for movement and feeding. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the cytoskeleton functions in cell division? |
|
Definition
| The centrioles functions the cell division. |
|
|
Term
| How do cytoplasm and cytosol differ? |
|
Definition
| The cytosol is the "soup" within which all the other organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Cytoplasm is a collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controls the cell's activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Place where molecules enters and leaves the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Place where ribosomes are made. |
|
|
Term
| What are ribosomes made of? |
|
Definition
| A cell organelle that is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They synthesize proteins for the cell ad sends proteins to the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Where can ribosomes be found? |
|
Definition
| They can be found in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? |
|
Definition
| A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with a nuclear membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribosomes are attached to the surface, produces proteins and ships them to the golgi apparatus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacks ribosomes, produces lipids and ships them to the golgi apparatus, breaks down toxic substances. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main jobs of the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Receives and distributes the proteins and lipids throughout the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-bounded spaces used for temporary storage of materals. |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of substances can vacuoles hold? |
|
Definition
| They can hold ions, nutrients, water, and waste. |
|
|
Term
| How do vacuoles differ in plant and animal cells? |
|
Definition
| The vacuole in plant cells helps to make the cell rigid, enabling the plant to stand upright. |
|
|
Term
| In your own words, summarize how the endomembrane system moves proteins through the cell. |
|
Definition
| They divide the cell into functional and structural compartments or organelles. |
|
|
Term
| What are lysosomes and how do they help the cell maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and breaks down wastes in cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why do you think it's so important that lysosomes are enclosed by membranes? |
|
Definition
| They can eat up the waste and sends it to the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells would a mitochondria found in? What is the function of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria can be found in eukaryotes. It uses sugar to make energy during the process of cellular respiration. |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells would chloroplasts found in? What is the function of chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts can be found in plant and some protist cells. It uses light energy to make glucose during the process of photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What structure surrounds plant, fungal, and algae cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are animal cells surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures found in prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, cilia, flagella, and cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Structures found in animals |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella (some), nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome, and extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Structures found in plants |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, central vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell walls |
|
|
Term
| ... are responsible for the isolating functions of a membrane, while ... regulate the exchange of substances and communication with the enernal environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell membrane is also known as ... ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are phospholipid heads polar or nonpolar? Are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid heads are polar. And they are hydrophilic. |
|
|
Term
| Are phospholipid tails polar or nonpolar? Are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid tails are nonpolar. And they are hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the solution that is being dissolved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the solution that is doing the dissolving. |
|
|
Term
| What types of cellular transport are there? |
|
Definition
1. Passive transport
2. Active transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement with the concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration). Does not require energy. There are three types of passive transport. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of solutes through the channels of the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of cellular transport? |
|
Definition
| Helps the cell (and the body) maintain homeostasis (If there is too much of something in a cell, transport it out; if there is not enough of something in a cell, transport it in). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has a higher solute concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has a lower solute concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has an equal concentration of solutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of solute against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration). Requires energy. Two types of bulk transport: endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells bring large particles in using the cell membrane. There are two types of endocytosis: phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Food will be engulfed. Your whit blood cells also do this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny pockets forms along cell membrane and pinch off into vacuoles inside the cell. Sometimes called Cell Drinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of solution causes a cell to swell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sollution doesn't change the shape of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sollution causes a cell to shrink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do autotrophs (producers) and heterotrophs (consumers) differ? |
|
Definition
| Autotrophs can make their own food, but heterotrophs have to eat autotrophs for energy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ultimate source of all energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little pockets of light energy which the sun sends down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that absorbs and reflects wavelengths of light. |
|
|
Term
| Which pigment reflects green wavelengths and gives plants their green appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are chloroplasts found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does gas exchange take place on a leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the chemical equation for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6CO2+6H2O+sunlight ----> C6H12O6+6O2 |
|
|
Term
| What part of photosynthesis is the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does light dependent reaction occur in? |
|
Definition
| It occurs in the thylakoids. |
|
|
Term
| What does light independent reaction require? |
|
Definition
| It requires light source, and chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes. |
|
|
Term
Absorption of light energy
- Light strikes on the thylakoid
- ... jumps from chlorophyll to other molecules in the thylakoid must be replaced.
- ... molecules are split
- Electrons from H go to chlorophyll and fill in the "hole"; H+ atoms left over
- ... is givin off
|
|
Definition
| Excited electrons; Water; Oxygen gas |
|
|
Term
Conversion of light energy
- Exited electrons that left the chlorophyll are passed down electron transport chains
- Some energy is used to make ...
- Some energyis used to make ...
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of photosynthesis does the light-independent reactions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the light-independent reaction also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the light-independent reaction occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What source can the light-independent reaction occur with or without? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Storage of energy
- ... is added to a 5 carbon compound. (The process of transferring carbon dioxide to organic compounds is called ...
- = a 6 carbon compound
- gets split into 2 3-carbon compounds
- Phosphat groups from ... and electrons from ... are added- make the 3-carbon compounds 3-compound sugars... eventual product ...
|
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide Fixation; ATP; NADPH; glucose |
|
|
Term
| In your own words, how are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions related? |
|
Definition
| They help the process of photosynthesis faster and easier. Both require light energy but light independent reaction can require with or without light. |
|
|
Term
| Describe three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
1. Intensity of light - light and rate
2. Carbon dioxide concentration - High CO2 and rate
3. Temperature - A certain range works best, too hot or too cold affects the works of enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the form of energy when that powers cellular work? |
|
Definition
| ATP releases energy when the bonds between the phosphates are broken. |
|
|
Term
| Once an organism has its orgaanic molecules (either from photosynthesis or from eating), how does it regenerate ATP? |
|
Definition
| By making and breaking phosphate bonds. |
|
|
Term
| What's the definition of Cellular Respiration? |
|
Definition
| The breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen to form ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What's the equation of Cellular Resipiration? |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6+6O2 -->6CO2+6H2O+36ATP |
|
|
Term
| Where does cellular respiration take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| The splitting of glucose into two pyruvates. |
|
|
Term
| What's is the location for glycolysis in a cell? |
|
Definition
| In the cytoplasm of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of respiration occurs if oxygen is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the location of the Krebs Cycle?
... enters the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What happens in the Krebs Cycle?
Krebs Cycle is a biochemical pathway- the ... of one reaction becomes the ... of the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
... and ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ... ATP produced during Krebs Cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Krebs Cycle also produces ... carriers (... and ...). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What's the location of the electron transport chain?
... mitochondrial membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
