Term
| Uniformitarianism was first developed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth is only 10,000 years old. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative age is used to determine: |
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Definition
| the sequential order of events, but not their age in years |
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Term
| Fossils played no role in developing the geological time scale. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The scientist who suggested using radioactive decay to age-date the Earth was: |
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Definition
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Term
| The shortest-duration units of the geologic time scale are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The longest-duration units of the geologic time scale are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of time it takes for half of the radioisotopes in a sample to decay into their stable end products is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Principle of Superposition was an important early contribution to the field of geology. It was written by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The first eukaryotic fossils are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The first land animals belong to which group? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth's early atmosphere apparently lacked: |
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Definition
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Term
| Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Precambrian. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Stromatolites are found in rocks as old as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest known fossils on Earth are most similar to: |
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Definition
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Term
| The first forms of life were simple eukaryotic cells. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis by bacteria produced ____ as a waste product. |
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Definition
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Term
| Multicellular organisms first appeared during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest, most devastating mass extinction in Earth’s history occurred: |
|
Definition
| at the end of the Permian |
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Term
| Flying insects evolved by at least the: |
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Definition
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Term
| A mass extinction occurred near the end of the Devonian Period. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The great coal deposits of the northern hemisphere formed during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The cause of the Permian mass extinction is well understood. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The following are periods of the Paleozoic era, except: |
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Definition
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Term
| Crinoids are which type of organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Paleozoic. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The first forests of trees appeared during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The first land vertebrates appeared in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Cycads and ginkgoes were important plants to the world's terrestrial ecosystems during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Flowering plants evolved first in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Mesozoic. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| may have had some degree of endothermy (a way to control body temperature, were archosaurs, and went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. |
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Term
| The first true dinosaurs evolved in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Pterosaurs are a type of flying reptile. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Ichthyosaurs first evolved during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these organisms did NOT survive and diversify during the Mesozoic following the Permian extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mammals first evolved during the _________ Period. |
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Definition
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Term
| An asteroid or comet impact likely played a role in the Cretaceous mass extinction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these is NOT a subdivision of the Mesozoic era? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mammals first appeared during the Cenozoic Era. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these was NOT a period of the Cenozoic Era? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following epochs was the warmest? |
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Definition
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Term
| The term "Ice Ages" refers to the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Human beings were present on Earth toward the end of the Cenozoic Era. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The first true modern mammals evolved during which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| The giant "terror birds": |
|
Definition
| were flightless, were runners, are now extinct |
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Term
| The Isthmus of Panama formed during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Whale ancestors first returned to water during the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakup of Pangaea began during the Cenozoic Era. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenetic classifications can have problems in cases of convergent evolution. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Linnaeus' smallest category in his classification system was the: |
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Definition
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Term
| A grouping that includes the ancestor and all of its descendants is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Linnaeus' largest category in his classification system was the: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Homologous features are those: |
|
Definition
| derived from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a Domain? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments and are closely related to eukaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| Cladistic classifications are based on overall similarities of organisms. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| All animals are heterotrophs. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The scientist who developed the cladistic classification method: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and Eukarya are thought to have diverged from Archaea. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria are important as: |
|
Definition
| Food, decomposers, and producers of antibiotics and other medicines |
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Term
| Photosynthesizing bacteria contain chloroplasts. T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these groups lacks cell walls? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bacteria have which of these structures in common with eukaryotes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the location of DNA in a bacterium? |
|
Definition
| most DNA is in the nucleoid region and some DNA occurs in small loops throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Bacteria that feed on dead or decaying material are: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bacteria divide to produce new cells using which of the following processes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The red tide phenomenon is caused by a population increase in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of protists? |
|
Definition
| Protists can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. |
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Term
| The euglenoids have ___ flagella. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The diseases malaria and toxoplasmosis are caused by a type of amoebozoan. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest eukaryotic fossils are from the: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coralline algae, an important contributor to coral reefs, is a kind of red algae. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular plants have ___, specialized cells that help support the plant, as well as transport water and nutrients upward from their roots. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ___ generation of a moss is the dominant phase of its life cycle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ___ generation of a fern is the dominant phase of its life cycle. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Vascular plants first appeared during which period? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Endosperm tissue is unique to which of these groups? |
|
Definition
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Term
| The gametophyte is the diploid part of the plant life cycle. T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these plant groups may include the ancestors of plants? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Separate male and female gametophytes are produced in plants with a homosporous life cycle. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valley Fever is caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual strands of the fungal body are known as: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The collective term for the fungal body is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Many fungi have multinucleate cells. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mushrooms are members of the Ascomycota. T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
| There are both multicellular and unicellular types of fungi. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The first great antibiotic was: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Deuterostomes only develop a mouth. T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sponges were the first group of muscled animals. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Presumed animal fossils first appeared during the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are not coelomates? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a blood fluke. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of a mollusk? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Animals are motile because they have: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a type of plant tissue? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these is a nonvascular plant? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Plant fiber is which type of cell? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Xylem is a type of plant cell that moves material from the roots to the leaves. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these organs did the earliest plants have? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Monocots and dicots are both members of which plant group? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Reproductive structures of a plant are always produced by the plant's leaves. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these is a non-seed vascular plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following flower tissues is sterile? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When we eat asparagus we are eating the ___ of the plant. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following is part of the male reproductive structures on a flower? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A plant that has flowers containing both sexes is said to be: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The so-called “double fertilization” is restricted to angiosperms. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we eat broccoli “crowns” we are eating the ___ of the plant. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Plants can have sexual and asexual means of reproduction. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ___ of water explains why its molecules tend to bond to each other. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The flow of water flowing into the xylem is regulated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transpiration is the uptake of water into plants. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is often a major part of fertilizers since the plant cannot usually produce (or obtain) sufficient amounts. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The size of stoma are regulated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The curving of plants toward light is an example of: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The symbiotic relationship between plant roots and mycorrhizae fungi is an example of mutualism. T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these is NOT a cell typically found in the xylem tissue? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these is not a recognized class of plant hormone? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| specialized areas at their tips where new cells are produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| covers the outer surface of herbaceous, or soft-stemmed, plants. This tissue is composed of epidermal cells, which are closely-packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle to aid in the prevention of water loss. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| makes up most of the primary (soft tissue) plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transports food, water, hormones, and minerals within the plant. includes xylem, phloem, and cambium tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eneralized plant cell type that remains alive at maturity. The cells make up the bulk of ground and vascular tissues. They tend to have relatively thin, flexible cell walls and perform many functions in the plant. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| elongated cells located in the leaves of many plants, just below the epidermal tissue. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| have thickened cell walls that allow them to support the plant stem’s weight and to raise the stem above the ground. These cells are characterized by thickenings of the cell wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have very thick walls, which allow them to physically support the soft stems of many plants. These cells often occur in masses capping the vascular bundles of many plants. Thickenings in their secondary walls contain chemicals that cause them to stain red. - Dead at maturity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| conduct water and minerals from the plant’s roots to its leaves. These cells also provide a great deal of structural support for the plant as well. The cell walls contain the complex chemical, lignin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the more primitive of the two main cell types that make up xylem tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stack on top of one another to form long tubes known as vessels. These vessels occur only in the flowering plants, the most recently evolved division of plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produced from cells of the root or apical meristem. This xylem adds to the height or length of the plant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occur in rows or ranks and form what we commonly call wood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conduct food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. usually located outside the xylem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem cells that retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Dissolved food, such as sucrose, flows through the _________ by the bulk flow process. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________functions in the prevention of water loss. It also acts as a barrier to fungi and other invaders. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A series of openings known as _______ allow a plant to exchange gases with its surroundings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bean-shaped cells that cover and regulate the size of the stoma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have one cotyledon or “seed leaf.”, parallel leaf veins, multiples of three |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have two cotyledons, usually netlike, usually in fours or fives, vascular bundle arranged in a ring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a waxy layer that helps lower water loss from the leaf. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sandwiched between the leaf is a layer known as the _______ (literally, middle leaf) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Materials are delivered to and removed from the leaf by a ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elongated cells located in many leaves just below the epidermal tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another type of leaf parenchyma cell that occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ccur in wood rays, the structures that transport materials laterally within a woody stem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apical meristem continues to divide by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parenchyma located outside of the vascular bundle is referred to as the ______, as it is in the stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lateral meristem in plants. Types of cambiums include vacular, cork, and intercalary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The region in the stem or root between the epidermis and the vascular bundles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular tissues in leaves, arranged in a net-like network (reticulate venation) in dicots, and running parallel (parallel venation) to each other in monocots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Groups of organs that perform related functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer layer of closely packed cells in the plant body, often covered by a waxy cuticle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ___________, the plant is genetically diploid (2n). Meiosis produces haploid (1n) reproductive cells called spores. In the spores, mitosis occurs. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The spores germinate and grow to form the ________ (gamete-producing) phase of the plant. The size of the haploid gametophyte form can range from three cells (in angiosperm pollen) to several million cells (in a nonvascular plant such as moss). The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sporophyte phase produces spores within a specialized structure known as a ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ produces sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______ produces eggs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants that have both sexes functional on the same plant are termed __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female plants produce female flowers and male plants produce male flowers. This is known as ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sterile (non-reproductive) parts of the flower are the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When sepals and petals resemble each other to a high degree, they are termed ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the male part of the flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each stamen is composed of a _______ that supports an ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are thought to represent modified spore-producing leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer part of the pollen, the _____, is practically indestructible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of polysaccharides and other materials known as the _______ covers the exine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the transfer of pollen by an insect, such as a bee, wasp, fly, or moth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the transfer of pollen by wind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is the collective term for all of the female reproductive parts of a flower. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ functions as a receptive surface for pollen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ serves to place the stigma some distance from the ovary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants have a haploid phase, the _________. This phase often is a separate, free-living plant in its own right. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ results from a single ovary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ________ develops from a group of individual ovaries and may be either an aggregate or a multiple fruit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is another name for the embryo (or that part of the dicot embryo that is not the cotyledons). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plumule consists of an _______ bearing young leaves, a ________ that becomes the stem, and the ______ that will develop into the root. |
|
Definition
| epicotyl, hypocotyl,radicle |
|
|
Term
| The transfer of pollen from the anther to the female stigma is termed _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________, a chemical compound, promotes the ripening of fruit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wall of the ovary becomes the _________ of the fruit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apples, pears and quince are classified as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternate term applied to the angiosperm female gametophyte contained within a megaspore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The female reproductive structures of a flower; consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slender, thread-like stalks that make up the stamens of a flower; topped by the anthers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collective term for the cells in the reproductive organs of multicellular organisms that divide by meiosis to produce gametes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are plant movements that involve the plant moving by growing toward or away from a stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ movements are plant movements independent of the direction of the stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a plant hormone produced in the stem tip. promote cell and stem elongation. produced in the stem, buds, pollen, embryos, and root tips. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ hormones promote stem elongation. They are not produced in the stem tip, though. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are the plant hormones that promote cell division. They are produced in growing areas, such as meristems at the tip of the shoot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a chemical that promotes seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth. It is also involved in the opening and closing of stomata as leaves wilt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a gas produced by ripe fruits. It is also made by many other parts of the plant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three important nutrients plants need |
|
Definition
| Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) |
|
|
Term
| Roots have very thin, fragile extensions known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are long, tapered cells of xylem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________, an improved form of tracheid, have no (or very few) obstructions at the ends of the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is pulled up the xylem by the force of _____________, water loss from leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is the ability of molecules of the same kind to stick together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tendency of molecules of different kinds to stick together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Together, the guard cells and stoma comprise the ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ is an area where a material, in this case sugar, is produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are places where sugar is being consumed or stored. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones that promote cell division and inhibit aging of green tissues in plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gaseous plant hormone that stimulates fruit ripening and the dropping of leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein molecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relationship between two organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Buds borne in the axil (where the leaf meets the stem) of a stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weathered rocks and minerals combined with air, water, and organic matter that can support plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder of plants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensions of the root epidermis that increase the root's ability to absorb water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of a nerve message WITHIN a neuron is __________ in nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical signals travel from a neuron to a receiving cell by crossing the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure, urine volume, and other body fluids are regulated by which organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A negative feedback loop works by turning off the stimulus that initiated the feedback loop. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of the nerve message BETWEEN neurons is electrical in nature. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses are composed of two parts - genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot make their own ATP, replicate their own genetic material, or make their own proteins. According to the characteristics of life, are viruses actually alive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal organs like the stomach can move and contract due to the presence of at least one layer of ________ muscle in the organ wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood pH level is maintained by the respiratory system. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle is controlled voluntarily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small, raised features on the surface of the tongue are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of organisms has a three-chambered heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red and white blood cells are made in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hereditary disease in which clotting does not occur is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most commonly contracted type of skin cancer is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is NOT a function of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| transport of heat within the body |
|
|
Term
| The ___ are thin-walled blood vessels that exchange materials through their walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins of the complement system work against: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following organs functions to absorb water and salts and store non-digestible material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these blood cell types plays a role in the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies belong to which class of organic macromolecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are produced in response to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following organs contains villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a hormone that regulates stages of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are produced by the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following parts of a diet generate the greatest energy yield: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dendrite conducts nerve impulses ___ the cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of a partly moveable joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are the components of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| dendrite, axon, and cell body |
|
|
Term
| A moth sex attractant would be a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles function to: |
|
Definition
| maintain posture, make bones move, and generate internal heat |
|
|
Term
| Due to the need to both extend and flex at a joint, skeletal muscles generally work in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The somatic nervous system contains nerves that control: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An animal with a(n) _________ has its muscles attached to the inner surface of its skeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each bronchiole terminates in a collection of tiny grape-like sacs called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vocal cords are two bands of tissue that extend across the opening of the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm, prostate gland secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization normally occurs in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The testes are located inside the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main function of the excretory system is to rid the body of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT part of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney function(s) include: |
|
Definition
| water and salt balance, removal of metabolic wastes, and acid-base balance |
|
|
Term
| ___ is a hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus in birthing mothers and milk production in nursing mothers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a Category Three STD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many organ systems do vertebrate animals have? Plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of tissue do animals have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of tissue do animals have? |
|
Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
* Protection
* Secretion of digestive juices as well as hormones and other chemicals
* Movement of materials in and out of the body |
|
|
Term
| Prominent Locations of epithelial tissue in the Body |
|
Definition
| Lining of mouth, nasal passages, stomach, lungs, kidneys, skin, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissue cell types are: |
|
Definition
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
These cell types can be simple or stratified |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
* Binding
* Supporting
* Protecting
* Forming blood
* Storing fats
* Filling space |
|
|
Term
| Prominent Locations of Connective tissue in the Body |
|
Definition
Surrounding organs
Tendons and Ligaments
In soft organs like the liver and spleen
Embryonic tissue, part of the nose, disks, and joints
Forms the adult skeleton of most vertebrate animals
Contained in the circulatory system
Under skin, associated with some organs |
|
|
Term
| Cell types in Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
Fibrous Connective Tissues (FCT)
Loose
Dense
Elastic
Reticular
Special Connective Tissues (SCT)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood Adipose |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Shortening and contracting, effecting movement of the animal |
|
|
Term
| Prominent Locations of Muscle tissue in the Body |
|
Definition
Connected to bones and other muscles as part of the skeleto-muscular system
Surrounding hollow structures and organs
In the heart |
|
|
Term
| Cell types in muscular tissue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of nerve tissues? |
|
Definition
Integration and control of responses to stimuli (neurons)
Support and nourishment of neurons (glial cells) |
|
|
Term
| Prominent Locations of Nerve Tissue in the Body |
|
Definition
| Concentrated in nerve ganglia, the brain, and spinal cord, but also diffuse throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| What cell types are in nerve tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells are closely packed, which allows them to block the entry of invading cells and viruses. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial cell that is made of flattened cells (These line your mouth and make up a large part of your skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of cube-shaped cells, such as those that line the tubes in your kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of elongated cells that line the inner surface of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one layer of cells |
|
|
Term
| Pseudo-stratified epithelium |
|
Definition
| a single layer of cells that, at first glance, appears to form two layers. |
|
|
Term
| cells that secrete a product into the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is a connective tissue. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue cells are separated from one another by a non-cellular matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composed mainly of cells and/or matrix, with few reinforcing fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of connective tissue forms a protective layer over muscle, nerves, and blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of LCT stores energy and helps insulate the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| also called dense connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue (FCT) |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of connective tissue makes up the tendons, which connect muscle to bone, and ligaments, which connect bone to bone at a joint? |
|
Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What forms the embryonic skeleton of vertebrates and the adult skeleton of sharks and rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves as a reservoir (or sink) for calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense bone has osteocytes (bone cells) located in small spaces called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| commonly referred to as Haversian canals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the liquid matrix that seperates blood called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of blood cell uses the many hemoglobin molecules on their cell membranes to carry oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of blood cells play a variety of roles in the immune system, including antibody production and antibody memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cell fragments that function in blood clotting by plugging wounds in blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of two types of filaments, myosin(thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller, functional units of a muscle cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac. |
|
|
Term
| fibers that have alternating light and dark bands perpendicular to the long axis of the cell |
|
Definition
| Skeletal (striated) muscle |
|
|
Term
| fibers that lack the banding that is seen in skeletal (striated) muscle, although actin and myosin still occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibers that are a type of striated muscle found only in the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What detects stimuli and controls the body’s response to those stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are often clustered into sensory organs such as the eyes and tongue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve cells that transmit nerve messages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are in direct contact with neurons and provide support and protection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron receives information from other cells and transmits the message to the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron conducts messages away from the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons touch eachother T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between two cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are stored in small synaptic vesicles clustered at the tip of the axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach contains how many types of animal tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aids in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the maintenance of a stable internal environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What turns off the stimulus that caused the response in the first place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What amplifies the response caused by the stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid delivers needed raw materials to cells? |
|
Definition
| general extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| What operate to keep every cell in an animal body supplied with raw materials and cleaned of wastes? |
|
Definition
| two extracellular fluids (general extracellular fluid and blood plasma) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies cells with the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The entire process of homeostasis is controlled by what two organ systems? |
|
Definition
| the nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| linear systems that have no feedback mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have two components: a sensor and an effector |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controlled from outside the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one important endocrine reflex? |
|
Definition
| The maintenance of blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| Which cavity contains the heart and lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cavity holds the digestive and reproductive organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region contains four of the five senses (sight, sound, smell, and taste) as well as a brain? |
|
Definition
| cephalic region (the head) |
|
|
Term
| What functions does the Integumentary system have? |
|
Definition
Outer protective layer
Prevention of water loss
Barrier to foreign microorganisms and viruses |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the muscular system? |
|
Definition
Movement and locomotion (when working with a skeletal system)
Generating and maintaining body heat
Maintaining posture |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the muscular system? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscles such as biceps, triceps, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
Support and protection
Attachment points for muscles
Reservoir for ions such as calcium and phosphorous
Produces blood cells in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Assists in absorption of food molecules into the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Recycles water and reclaims vitamins from food in the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the circulatory system
Maintains the pH of the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Lungs (in tetrapods) and gills (in fish) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, immune components, heat, water, and hormones
Works with the Lymphatic system to direct certain forms of the immune response
Osmoregulation (along with the Lymphatic and Excretory systems) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs in the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Heart, capillaries, arteries, and veins |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
Defends the internal environment from invading microorganisms and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth
The “immune system” provides cells that aid in protection of the body from disease via the antigen/antibody response.
Osmoregulation (along with the Circulatory and Excretory systems) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
Lymphoid organs/nodes such as the tonsils, adenoids as well as regions in other organs
Lymph fluid
Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the excretory system? |
|
Definition
Regulates volume of internal body fluids
Eliminates metabolic wastes from the internal environment
Osmoregulation (along with the Circulatory and Lymphatic systems) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs in the excretory system? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys, ureter, urethra, and bladder |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
Coordinates and controls actions of internal organs and body systems (along with the Endocrine system)
Memory, learning, and conscious thought
Maintaining autonomic functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and control of involuntary muscle actions |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Brain, spinal cord, nerve ganglia, organized into several smaller “nervous” systems such as the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
Works with the nervous system to control the body’s homeostasis
Secretes hormones that regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, etc that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, etc that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
Responsible for perpetuation of the species by means of sexual reproduction
Elements of the reproductive system produce hormones (from endocrine control) that control and aid in sexual development. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
Female Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, etc. involved in the development and maturation of eggs
Male organs: testes, vas deferens, penis, etc. involved in the development and delivery of sperm |
|
|
Term
| the outer, thinner layer of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a layer of fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composed of loose connective tissue (final layer of skin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organs of the _____________ facilitate the exchange of gases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, immune components, heat, and hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system is composed of lymph vessels and lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of white blood cell that helps protect the body from disease |
|
|
Term
| Which type of lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the lymphatic system is similar to the lymph node except that it is larger and filled with blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes: |
|
Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is composed of nerves? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| Which is the thinner layer, epidermis or dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are the innermost layer of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce the pigment melanin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Varying amounts of keratin can produce harder or softer skin. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of skin under the epidermis contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second most common skin cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most infrequently contracted skin cancer, most serious form of skin cancer |
|
|
Term
| Which glands produce a solution that bacteria act upon to produce body odor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are especially common in the lips and tips of the fingers and are very sensitive to touch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are oval-shaped receptors with concentric layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve ending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skin has more receptors to detect hot than for cold. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which was the first part of the animal to encounter new stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since vertebrates and mollusks are not closely related, the presence of a camera eye in each group is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outer, white part of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clear part of the sclera that is the window of the eye, it lets light in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigmented part of the eye, is the layer below the sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring-shaped, regulates the size of the pupil |
|
|
Term
| Which humor fills the area between the front of the lens and the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which humor fills the back part of the eye between the lens and the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the light receptors of the eye located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the optic nerve passes through the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the are of retina that contains only cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the changes of the shape of the eye in order to see objects closer and farther away from you called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye detects low light levels and thus provides vision at night or under low light levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye are primarily in the fovea and are activated by bright light, detail, and color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the partial or total loss of vision reception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease occurs late in life as eye fluids create pressures on the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eye disease causes the lens of the eye to become clouded or opaque, resulting in vision loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which eye disease is linked to diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the ear helps us maintain our balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hearing loss occurs when the three ossicles fail to conduct sound to the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve loss is reversible. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a general term for any disorder caused by infection of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microscopic extensions of the plasma membrane that have receptors for certain chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a substance needed for normal metabolism, growth, and regulation of cell function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light receptors in primates' eyes that operate in bright light; provide color vision and visual acuity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure linking the pharynx to the middle ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cells in the inner layer of the epidermis that produce melanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures in the inner ear sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which circulatory system does the heart pump blood into a body cavity and the tissues are surrounded by blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which circulatory system is in vertebrates and includes blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| closed circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main artery leaving the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which artery is the only artery that carries oxygen-poor blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are small arteries that connect larger arteries with capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are smaller veins that gather blood from capillary beds and join to form veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a measurement of the force blood applies to the artery walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What represents the greatest pressure produced when the heart contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is not contracting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sac that contains pericardial fluid, which provides a cushioning effect and surrounds the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents blood from flowing back to the atrium from a ventricle? |
|
Definition
| atrioventricular (AV) valve |
|
|
Term
| What separates each ventricle from its connecting artery? |
|
Definition
| semilunar (or arterial) valve |
|
|
Term
| contraction of the heart muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relaxation of the heart muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What measures changes in electrical potential across the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which veins carry blood from lungs to heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteries deliver oxygenated blood and food to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins that help preserve the osmotic balance between the blood and surrounding cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form a large group of blood proteins that aid in transporting molecules, such as cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the large protein molecule that binds oxygen in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the decreased ability of red blood cells to supply adequate oxygen to the body’s cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a range of diseases involving uncontrolled increases in the numbers of white blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease-causing agents are collectively known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of barriers form the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Physical and chemical barriers |
|
|
Term
| What is the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system directly kills microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a species-specific chemical produced by cells that are under viral attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is accomplished by the B cells and the antibodies they produce? |
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Definition
| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity |
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Term
| What type of immunity is controlled by the T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are white blood cells that continually patrol the body in search of foreign (non-self) antigenic molecules, viruses, or microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What develops after an illness or vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of immunity at work when an individual is given antibodies to combat a specific disease(it's short lived)? |
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Definition
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Term
| substances that cause allergies, include dust, molds, pollen, cat dander, certain foods, and some medicines |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells produced from B cells that synthesize and release antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Substances produced by some microogranisms,plants and vertebrates that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| over-reaction of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| cells in bone marrow that produce lymphocytes by mitotic division |
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Definition
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Term
| a network of glands and vessels that drain interstitial fluid from body tissues and return it to the circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals that use their mouth to ingest food |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of animals live in the digestive system of another animal to absorb nutrients from that animal through their body wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of feeders collect small organisms and particles from the surrounding water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of animals eat the material (dirt or wood) as they burrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of feeders pierce the body of a plant or animal and withdraw fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parts of the digestive system feed their digestive secretions into a common area known as the(it stretches from the mouth to the anus): |
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Definition
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Term
| What is also known as the biliary system? |
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Definition
| the salivary glands, parts of the pancreas, and the liver and gall bladder |
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Term
| A mass of chewed, moistened food |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles in the esophagus propel the bolus by waves of involuntary muscular contractions which is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrochloric acid does not directly function in digestion. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| the mix of acid and food in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Which intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper part of the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| the second third of the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lower third of the small intestine |
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Term
| What causes increased stomach acid and mobility of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are foods required on a large scale each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transmit nerve messages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are in direct contact with neurons and often surround them? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the neuron receives information from another cell and transmits the message to the cell body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conducts messages away from the cell body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neurons typically have a long dendrite and short axon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neurons have a long axon and short dendrites? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neurons are found only in the central nervous system where they connect neuron to neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| changed polarity of the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Nervous System is involved in the fight or flight response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nervous system is involved in relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain is closest to the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second largest part of the brain, after the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the conscious brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the brain consists of the diencephalon and cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to the state aquatic animals are in: they are surrounded by freshwater and must constantly deal with the influx of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What describes little water transport between the inside of the animal and the isotonic outside environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following population growth curves would be expected when a limiting factor is present? |
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Definition
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Term
| When prey populations are reduced, some predators may switch to an alternate food source. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism's energy, nutrient and survival requirements are aspects of its: |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ happens when organisms vie for the same resources such as food, living space or mates. |
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Definition
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Term
| The human growth curve is ___-shaped. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ happens when one organism feeds upon another. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area? |
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Definition
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Term
| All species populations are uniformly distributed across their ranges. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of factors that affect growth, stability, and decline of populations? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the time that a population's growth curve begins to rise dramatically, that population is demonstrating its ___ potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| The loss of one population can cause the extinction of another population that depends on the first population for food. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Human activity can affect the population size of another species through: |
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Definition
| pollution, introduction of new species,and over-hunting |
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Term
| The population size that can be maintained over the long term is called the: |
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Definition
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Term
| In which biological interaction does the presence of one species inhibit the growth of another while being itself unaffected? |
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Definition
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Term
| The smallest population size that can avoid extinction is called: |
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Definition
| minimum viable population |
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