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Biology B Study Cards
All questions from homework to help study for the final
522
Biology
10th Grade
09/01/2010

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Term
Uniformitarianism was first developed by:
Definition
James Hutton
Term
The Earth is only 10,000 years old. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Relative age is used to determine:
Definition
the sequential order of events, but not their age in years
Term
Fossils played no role in developing the geological time scale. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Earth formed during the:
Definition
Archean Eon
Term
The scientist who suggested using radioactive decay to age-date the Earth was:
Definition
Rutherford
Term
The shortest-duration units of the geologic time scale are:
Definition
Epochs
Term
The longest-duration units of the geologic time scale are:
Definition
Eons
Term
The amount of time it takes for half of the radioisotopes in a sample to decay into their stable end products is called:
Definition
Half-life
Term
Principle of Superposition was an important early contribution to the field of geology. It was written by:
Definition
Nicholas Steno
Term
The first eukaryotic fossils are:
Definition
Algae
Term
The first land animals belong to which group?
Definition
anthropods
Term
The Earth's early atmosphere apparently lacked:
Definition
oxygen
Term
Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Precambrian. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Stromatolites are found in rocks as old as:
Definition
3.5 billion years
Term
The oldest known fossils on Earth are most similar to:
Definition
bacteria
Term
The first forms of life were simple eukaryotic cells. T/F
Definition
False
Term
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called:
Definition
Mutualism
Term
Photosynthesis by bacteria produced ____ as a waste product.
Definition
oxygen
Term
Multicellular organisms first appeared during the:
Definition
Vendian
Term
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The largest, most devastating mass extinction in Earth’s history occurred:
Definition
at the end of the Permian
Term
Flying insects evolved by at least the:
Definition
Carboniferous
Term
A mass extinction occurred near the end of the Devonian Period. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The great coal deposits of the northern hemisphere formed during the:
Definition
Carboniferous
Term
The cause of the Permian mass extinction is well understood. T/F
Definition
False
Term
The following are periods of the Paleozoic era, except:
Definition
Vendian
Term
Crinoids are which type of organism?
Definition
echinoderms
Term
Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Paleozoic. T/F
Definition
False
Term
The first forests of trees appeared during the:
Definition
Devonian
Term
The first land vertebrates appeared in the:
Definition
Devonian
Term
Cycads and ginkgoes were important plants to the world's terrestrial ecosystems during the:
Definition
Mesozoic Era
Term
Flowering plants evolved first in the:
Definition
Cretaceous
Term
Human beings were present on Earth from the beginning of the Mesozoic. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Dinosaurs:
Definition
may have had some degree of endothermy (a way to control body temperature, were archosaurs, and went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.
Term
The first true dinosaurs evolved in the:
Definition
Triassic
Term
Pterosaurs are a type of flying reptile. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Ichthyosaurs first evolved during the:
Definition
Triassic
Term
Which of these organisms did NOT survive and diversify during the Mesozoic following the Permian extinction?
Definition
trilobites
Term
Mammals first evolved during the _________ Period.
Definition
Triassic
Term
An asteroid or comet impact likely played a role in the Cretaceous mass extinction.
Definition
True
Term
Which of these is NOT a subdivision of the Mesozoic era?
Definition
Permian
Term
Mammals first appeared during the Cenozoic Era. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which of these was NOT a period of the Cenozoic Era?
Definition
Cretaceous
Term
The earliest horse was:
Definition
Hyracotherium
Term
Which of the following epochs was the warmest?
Definition
Eocene
Term
The term "Ice Ages" refers to the:
Definition
Pleistocene
Term
Human beings were present on Earth toward the end of the Cenozoic Era. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The first true modern mammals evolved during which of the following?
Definition
Eocene
Term
The giant "terror birds":
Definition
were flightless, were runners, are now extinct
Term
The Isthmus of Panama formed during the:
Definition
Pliocene
Term
Whale ancestors first returned to water during the:
Definition
Eocene
Term
The breakup of Pangaea began during the Cenozoic Era. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Phenetic classifications can have problems in cases of convergent evolution. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Linnaeus' smallest category in his classification system was the:
Definition
species
Term
A grouping that includes the ancestor and all of its descendants is:
Definition
monophyletic
Term
Linnaeus' largest category in his classification system was the:
Definition
kingdom
Term
Homologous features are those:
Definition
derived from a common ancestor
Term
Which of the following is not a Domain?
Definition
Protista
Term
_______ are prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments and are closely related to eukaryotes
Definition
Archaeans
Term
Cladistic classifications are based on overall similarities of organisms. T/F
Definition
False
Term
All animals are heterotrophs. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The scientist who developed the cladistic classification method:
Definition
Hennig
Term
Bacteria and Eukarya are thought to have diverged from Archaea. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Bacteria are important as:
Definition
Food, decomposers, and producers of antibiotics and other medicines
Term
Photosynthesizing bacteria contain chloroplasts. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which of these groups lacks cell walls?
Definition
Animalia
Term
Bacteria have which of these structures in common with eukaryotes?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
Which of the following best describes the location of DNA in a bacterium?
Definition
most DNA is in the nucleoid region and some DNA occurs in small loops throughout the cytoplasm
Term
Bacteria that feed on dead or decaying material are:
Definition
saprophytic
Term
Bacteria divide to produce new cells using which of the following processes?
Definition
binary fission
Term
The red tide phenomenon is caused by a population increase in:
Definition
Dinoflagellates
Term
Which of the following statements is NOT true of protists?
Definition
Protists can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Term
The euglenoids have ___ flagella.
Definition
two
Term
The diseases malaria and toxoplasmosis are caused by a type of amoebozoan. T/F
Definition
False
Term
The oldest eukaryotic fossils are from the:
Definition
Proterozoic Eon
Term
Brown algae are:
Definition
Phaeophyta
Term
Coralline algae, an important contributor to coral reefs, is a kind of red algae. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Kelp is a kind of:
Definition
brown algae
Term
Red algae are:
Definition
Rhodophyta
Term
Flowering plants are:
Definition
angiosperms
Term
Vascular plants have ___, specialized cells that help support the plant, as well as transport water and nutrients upward from their roots.
Definition
xylem
Term
The ___ generation of a moss is the dominant phase of its life cycle.
Definition
gametophyte
Term
The ___ generation of a fern is the dominant phase of its life cycle.
Definition
sporophyte
Term
Vascular plants first appeared during which period?
Definition
Silurian
Term
Endosperm tissue is unique to which of these groups?
Definition
flowering plants
Term
The gametophyte is the diploid part of the plant life cycle. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which of these plant groups may include the ancestors of plants?
Definition
green algae
Term
Conifers are:
Definition
pinophytes
Term
Separate male and female gametophytes are produced in plants with a homosporous life cycle. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Yeasts are:
Definition
ascomycetes
Term
Valley Fever is caused by:
Definition
Coccidioides immitis
Term
Individual strands of the fungal body are known as:
Definition
hyphae
Term
The collective term for the fungal body is:
Definition
mycelium
Term
Sac fungi are:
Definition
ascomycetes
Term
Many fungi have multinucleate cells. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Mushrooms are members of the Ascomycota. T/F
Definition
False
Term
There are both multicellular and unicellular types of fungi. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Common bread molds are:
Definition
zygomycetes
Term
The first great antibiotic was:
Definition
penicillin
Term
Deuterostomes only develop a mouth. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Animal cells lack:
Definition
cell walls
Term
Sponges were the first group of muscled animals. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Presumed animal fossils first appeared during the:
Definition
Vendian
Term
Which of the following are not coelomates?
Definition
flatworms
Term
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a blood fluke. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Which of the following is an example of a mollusk?
Definition
squid
Term
Animals are motile because they have:
Definition
nerve and muscle fibers
Term
Tapeworms are:
Definition
cestodes
Term
Jellyfish are:
Definition
cnidarians
Term
Which of the following is not a type of plant tissue?
Definition
ventral
Term
Which of these is a nonvascular plant?
Definition
moss
Term
Plant fiber is which type of cell?
Definition
sclerenchyma
Term
Xylem is a type of plant cell that moves material from the roots to the leaves. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Which of these organs did the earliest plants have?
Definition
Stem
Term
Monocots and dicots are both members of which plant group?
Definition
Angiosperms
Term
Reproductive structures of a plant are always produced by the plant's leaves. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which of these is a non-seed vascular plant?
Definition
fern
Term
Which of the following flower tissues is sterile?
Definition
sepal
Term
When we eat asparagus we are eating the ___ of the plant.
Definition
stem
Term
Which of the following is part of the male reproductive structures on a flower?
Definition
anther
Term
A plant that has flowers containing both sexes is said to be:
Definition
monoecious
Term
The so-called “double fertilization” is restricted to angiosperms. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Monocots have one:
Definition
cotyledon
Term
When we eat broccoli “crowns” we are eating the ___ of the plant.
Definition
flower
Term
Plants can have sexual and asexual means of reproduction. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The ___ of water explains why its molecules tend to bond to each other.
Definition
cohesion
Term
The flow of water flowing into the xylem is regulated by:
Definition
Casparian strip
Term
Transpiration is the uptake of water into plants. T/F
Definition
False
Term
___ is often a major part of fertilizers since the plant cannot usually produce (or obtain) sufficient amounts.
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
The size of stoma are regulated by:
Definition
guard cells
Term
The curving of plants toward light is an example of:
Definition
Phototropism
Term
The symbiotic relationship between plant roots and mycorrhizae fungi is an example of mutualism. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Which of these is NOT a cell typically found in the xylem tissue?
Definition
Companion cell
Term
Which of these is not a recognized class of plant hormone?
Definition
florigens
Term
specialized areas at their tips where new cells are produced
Definition
meristems
Term
covers the outer surface of herbaceous, or soft-stemmed, plants. This tissue is composed of epidermal cells, which are closely-packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle to aid in the prevention of water loss.
Definition
dermal tissue
Term
makes up most of the primary (soft tissue) plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common
Definition
ground tissue
Term
transports food, water, hormones, and minerals within the plant. includes xylem, phloem, and cambium tissues.
Definition
Vascular tissue
Term
eneralized plant cell type that remains alive at maturity. The cells make up the bulk of ground and vascular tissues. They tend to have relatively thin, flexible cell walls and perform many functions in the plant.
Definition
parenchyma
Term
elongated cells located in the leaves of many plants, just below the epidermal tissue.
Definition
palisade parenchyma
Term
occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells.
Definition
Spongy parenchyma
Term
have thickened cell walls that allow them to support the plant stem’s weight and to raise the stem above the ground. These cells are characterized by thickenings of the cell wall.
Definition
collenchyma
Term
have very thick walls, which allow them to physically support the soft stems of many plants. These cells often occur in masses capping the vascular bundles of many plants. Thickenings in their secondary walls contain chemicals that cause them to stain red. - Dead at maturity
Definition
Sclerenchyma
Term
conduct water and minerals from the plant’s roots to its leaves. These cells also provide a great deal of structural support for the plant as well. The cell walls contain the complex chemical, lignin.
Definition
xylem
Term
the more primitive of the two main cell types that make up xylem tissue.
Definition
Tracheids
Term
stack on top of one another to form long tubes known as vessels. These vessels occur only in the flowering plants, the most recently evolved division of plants.
Definition
vessel elements
Term
produced from cells of the root or apical meristem. This xylem adds to the height or length of the plant.
Definition
Primary xylem
Term
occur in rows or ranks and form what we commonly call wood.
Definition
Secondary xylem
Term
conduct food from the leaves to the rest of the plant. usually located outside the xylem.
Definition
phloem
Term
Phloem cells that retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells.
Definition
companion cells
Term
Dissolved food, such as sucrose, flows through the _________ by the bulk flow process.
Definition
sieve cells
Term
__________functions in the prevention of water loss. It also acts as a barrier to fungi and other invaders.
Definition
epidermal tissue
Term
A series of openings known as _______ allow a plant to exchange gases with its surroundings.
Definition
stomata
Term
bean-shaped cells that cover and regulate the size of the stoma.
Definition
guard cells
Term
have one cotyledon or “seed leaf.”, parallel leaf veins, multiples of three
Definition
monocots
Term
have two cotyledons, usually netlike, usually in fours or fives, vascular bundle arranged in a ring
Definition
dicot
Term
a waxy layer that helps lower water loss from the leaf.
Definition
cuticle
Term
Sandwiched between the leaf is a layer known as the _______ (literally, middle leaf)
Definition
mesophyll
Term
Materials are delivered to and removed from the leaf by a ________.
Definition
leaf vein
Term
elongated cells located in many leaves just below the epidermal tissue.
Definition
Palisade parenchyma
Term
another type of leaf parenchyma cell that occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells.
Definition
Spongy mesophyll
Term
ccur in wood rays, the structures that transport materials laterally within a woody stem
Definition
Ray parenchyma
Term
apical meristem continues to divide by _______.
Definition
mitosis
Term
Parenchyma located outside of the vascular bundle is referred to as the ______, as it is in the stem.
Definition
cortex
Term
A lateral meristem in plants. Types of cambiums include vacular, cork, and intercalary.
Definition
cambium
Term
The region in the stem or root between the epidermis and the vascular bundles.
Definition
cortex
Term
Vascular tissues in leaves, arranged in a net-like network (reticulate venation) in dicots, and running parallel (parallel venation) to each other in monocots.
Definition
leaf veins
Term
Groups of organs that perform related functions.
Definition
organ systems
Term
The outer layer of closely packed cells in the plant body, often covered by a waxy cuticle.
Definition
epidermal tissue
Term
In the ___________, the plant is genetically diploid (2n). Meiosis produces haploid (1n) reproductive cells called spores. In the spores, mitosis occurs.
Definition
sporophyte phase
Term
The spores germinate and grow to form the ________ (gamete-producing) phase of the plant. The size of the haploid gametophyte form can range from three cells (in angiosperm pollen) to several million cells (in a nonvascular plant such as moss). The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis.
Definition
gametophyte
Term
The sporophyte phase produces spores within a specialized structure known as a ___________.
Definition
sporangium
Term
The _______ produces sperm
Definition
antheridium
Term
the ______ produces eggs.
Definition
archegonium
Term
Plants that have both sexes functional on the same plant are termed __________.
Definition
monoecious
Term
Female plants produce female flowers and male plants produce male flowers. This is known as ________
Definition
dioecious
Term
The sterile (non-reproductive) parts of the flower are the ____________.
Definition
sepals and the petals
Term
When sepals and petals resemble each other to a high degree, they are termed ______.
Definition
tepals
Term
the male part of the flower
Definition
androecium
Term
Each stamen is composed of a _______ that supports an ______.
Definition
filament, anther
Term
________ are thought to represent modified spore-producing leaves.
Definition
Stamens
Term
The outer part of the pollen, the _____, is practically indestructible
Definition
exine
Term
A layer of polysaccharides and other materials known as the _______ covers the exine.
Definition
pollenkit
Term
________ is the transfer of pollen by an insect, such as a bee, wasp, fly, or moth.
Definition
Entomophyly
Term
_______ is the transfer of pollen by wind.
Definition
Anemophyly
Term
The ________ is the collective term for all of the female reproductive parts of a flower.
Definition
gynoecium
Term
The _____ functions as a receptive surface for pollen.
Definition
stigma
Term
The ______ serves to place the stigma some distance from the ovary.
Definition
style
Term
Plants have a haploid phase, the _________. This phase often is a separate, free-living plant in its own right.
Definition
gametophyte
Term
A ________ results from a single ovary.
Definition
simple fruit
Term
A ________ develops from a group of individual ovaries and may be either an aggregate or a multiple fruit.
Definition
compound fruit
Term
The _________ is another name for the embryo (or that part of the dicot embryo that is not the cotyledons).
Definition
plumule
Term
The plumule consists of an _______ bearing young leaves, a ________ that becomes the stem, and the ______ that will develop into the root.
Definition
epicotyl, hypocotyl,radicle
Term
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the female stigma is termed _________.
Definition
pollination
Term
_________, a chemical compound, promotes the ripening of fruit.
Definition
Ethylene
Term
The wall of the ovary becomes the _________ of the fruit.
Definition
pericarp
Term
Apples, pears and quince are classified as _____.
Definition
pomes
Term
Alternate term applied to the angiosperm female gametophyte contained within a megaspore.
Definition
embryo sac
Term
The female reproductive structures of a flower; consisting of the ovary, style, and stigma.
Definition
carpel
Term
Slender, thread-like stalks that make up the stamens of a flower; topped by the anthers
Definition
filament
Term
Collective term for the cells in the reproductive organs of multicellular organisms that divide by meiosis to produce gametes.
Definition
germ cell
Term
________ are plant movements that involve the plant moving by growing toward or away from a stimulus.
Definition
Tropisms
Term
______ movements are plant movements independent of the direction of the stimulus.
Definition
Nastic
Term
a plant hormone produced in the stem tip. promote cell and stem elongation. produced in the stem, buds, pollen, embryos, and root tips.
Definition
Auxin
Term
__________ hormones promote stem elongation. They are not produced in the stem tip, though.
Definition
Gibberellin
Term
___________ are the plant hormones that promote cell division. They are produced in growing areas, such as meristems at the tip of the shoot.
Definition
Cytokinins
Term
a chemical that promotes seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth. It is also involved in the opening and closing of stomata as leaves wilt.
Definition
Abscisic Acid
Term
__________ is a gas produced by ripe fruits. It is also made by many other parts of the plant.
Definition
Ethylene
Term
The three important nutrients plants need
Definition
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
Term
Roots have very thin, fragile extensions known as __________.
Definition
root hairs
Term
________ are long, tapered cells of xylem.
Definition
Tracheids
Term
__________, an improved form of tracheid, have no (or very few) obstructions at the ends of the cells.
Definition
Vessels
Term
Water is pulled up the xylem by the force of _____________, water loss from leaves.
Definition
transpiration
Term
____________ is the ability of molecules of the same kind to stick together.
Definition
Cohesion
Term
the tendency of molecules of different kinds to stick together.
Definition
adhesion
Term
Together, the guard cells and stoma comprise the ______________.
Definition
stomata apparatus
Term
A ______ is an area where a material, in this case sugar, is produced.
Definition
source
Term
_______ are places where sugar is being consumed or stored.
Definition
Sinks
Term
Hormones that promote cell division and inhibit aging of green tissues in plants.
Definition
cytokinins
Term
A gaseous plant hormone that stimulates fruit ripening and the dropping of leaves.
Definition
ethylene
Term
Protein molecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
Definition
enzymes
Term
The relationship between two organisms.
Definition
symbiosis
Term
Buds borne in the axil (where the leaf meets the stem) of a stem.
Definition
auxilary buds
Term
Weathered rocks and minerals combined with air, water, and organic matter that can support plants.
Definition
soil
Term
A layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder of plants.
Definition
endodermis
Term
Extensions of the root epidermis that increase the root's ability to absorb water.
Definition
root hairs
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Definition
Toxin removal
Term
Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?
Definition
Epithelial tissue
Term
Transmission of a nerve message WITHIN a neuron is __________ in nature.
Definition
Electrical
Term
Chemical signals travel from a neuron to a receiving cell by crossing the:
Definition
Synapse
Term
Blood pressure, urine volume, and other body fluids are regulated by which organ system?
Definition
Excretory
Term
A negative feedback loop works by turning off the stimulus that initiated the feedback loop. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Transmission of the nerve message BETWEEN neurons is electrical in nature. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Viruses are composed of two parts - genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot make their own ATP, replicate their own genetic material, or make their own proteins. According to the characteristics of life, are viruses actually alive?
Definition
No
Term
Internal organs like the stomach can move and contract due to the presence of at least one layer of ________ muscle in the organ wall.
Definition
Smooth
Term
Blood pH level is maintained by the respiratory system. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Which type of muscle is controlled voluntarily?
Definition
Skeletal
Term
The small, raised features on the surface of the tongue are called:
Definition
papillae
Term
Cones detect:
Definition
color
Term
Which of the following types of organisms has a three-chambered heart?
Definition
amphibian
Term
Red and white blood cells are made in the:
Definition
bone marrow
Term
The hereditary disease in which clotting does not occur is known as:
Definition
hemophilia
Term
The most commonly contracted type of skin cancer is:
Definition
basal cell carcinoma
Term
Rods detect:
Definition
low light levels
Term
The ___ are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Definition
veins
Term
Which of these is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Definition
transport of heat within the body
Term
The ___ are thin-walled blood vessels that exchange materials through their walls.
Definition
capillaries
Term
Proteins of the complement system work against:
Definition
microbes
Term
Which of the following organs functions to absorb water and salts and store non-digestible material?
Definition
large intestine
Term
Which of these blood cell types plays a role in the immune response?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
Antibodies belong to which class of organic macromolecules?
Definition
proteins
Term
Antibodies are produced in response to:
Definition
antigens
Term
Which of the following organs contains villi?
Definition
small intestine
Term
Which of the following is NOT a hormone that regulates stages of digestion?
Definition
auxin
Term
Antibodies are produced by the:
Definition
B cells
Term
Lipases break down:
Definition
fats
Term
Which of the following parts of a diet generate the greatest energy yield:
Definition
lipids
Term
A dendrite conducts nerve impulses ___ the cell body.
Definition
toward
Term
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
Definition
sweat gland
Term
Which of the following is an example of a partly moveable joint?
Definition
vertebrae
Term
Which of the following are the components of a neuron?
Definition
dendrite, axon, and cell body
Term
A moth sex attractant would be a:
Definition
pheromone
Term
Skeletal muscles function to:
Definition
maintain posture, make bones move, and generate internal heat
Term
Due to the need to both extend and flex at a joint, skeletal muscles generally work in:
Definition
antagonistic pairs
Term
The somatic nervous system contains nerves that control:
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
An animal with a(n) _________ has its muscles attached to the inner surface of its skeleton.
Definition
exoskeleton
Term
Which of these is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
vertebrae
Term
Each bronchiole terminates in a collection of tiny grape-like sacs called:
Definition
alveoli
Term
The vocal cords are two bands of tissue that extend across the opening of the:
Definition
larynx
Term
Semen is composed of:
Definition
sperm, prostate gland secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions
Term
Fertilization normally occurs in the:
Definition
oviduct
Term
The testes are located inside the:
Definition
scrotum
Term
The main function of the excretory system is to rid the body of:
Definition
metabolic wastes
Term
Which is NOT part of the urinary system?
Definition
pancreas
Term
Kidney function(s) include:
Definition
water and salt balance, removal of metabolic wastes, and acid-base balance
Term
___ is a hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus in birthing mothers and milk production in nursing mothers.
Definition
oxytocin
Term
Which of the following is a Category Three STD?
Definition
AIDS
Term
How many organ systems do vertebrate animals have? Plants?
Definition
9,3
Term
How many types of tissue do animals have?
Definition
4
Term
What kinds of tissue do animals have?
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.
Term
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Definition
* Protection
* Secretion of digestive juices as well as hormones and other chemicals
* Movement of materials in and out of the body
Term
Prominent Locations of epithelial tissue in the Body
Definition
Lining of mouth, nasal passages, stomach, lungs, kidneys, skin, etc.
Term
Epithelial tissue cell types are:
Definition
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
These cell types can be simple or stratified
Term
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Definition
* Binding
* Supporting
* Protecting
* Forming blood
* Storing fats
* Filling space
Term
Prominent Locations of Connective tissue in the Body
Definition
Surrounding organs
Tendons and Ligaments
In soft organs like the liver and spleen





Embryonic tissue, part of the nose, disks, and joints
Forms the adult skeleton of most vertebrate animals

Contained in the circulatory system

Under skin, associated with some organs
Term
Cell types in Connective Tissue
Definition
Fibrous Connective Tissues (FCT)
Loose
Dense
Elastic
Reticular
Special Connective Tissues (SCT)



Cartilage
Bone
Blood Adipose
Term
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Definition
Shortening and contracting, effecting movement of the animal
Term
Prominent Locations of Muscle tissue in the Body
Definition
Connected to bones and other muscles as part of the skeleto-muscular system
Surrounding hollow structures and organs
In the heart
Term
Cell types in muscular tissue:
Definition
Skeletal Smooth

Cardiac
Term
What are the functions of nerve tissues?
Definition
Integration and control of responses to stimuli (neurons)
Support and nourishment of neurons (glial cells)
Term
Prominent Locations of Nerve Tissue in the Body
Definition
Concentrated in nerve ganglia, the brain, and spinal cord, but also diffuse throughout the body
Term
What cell types are in nerve tissue?
Definition
Neurons

Glial Cells
Term
Epithelial cells are closely packed, which allows them to block the entry of invading cells and viruses. T/F
Definition
True
Term
What tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
Definition
Epithelial
Term
squamous epithelium
Definition
epithelial cell that is made of flattened cells (These line your mouth and make up a large part of your skin)
Term
Cuboidal epithelium
Definition
consists of cube-shaped cells, such as those that line the tubes in your kidneys.
Term
Columnar epithelium
Definition
consists of elongated cells that line the inner surface of the stomach.
Term
Simple epithelium
Definition
has only one cell layer
Term
Stratified epithelium
Definition
more than one layer of cells
Term
Pseudo-stratified epithelium
Definition
a single layer of cells that, at first glance, appears to form two layers.
Term
cells that secrete a product into the body
Definition
glands
Term
waterproofing protein
Definition
keratin
Term
Blood is a connective tissue. T/F
Definition
True
Term
What type of tissue cells are separated from one another by a non-cellular matrix?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
composed mainly of cells and/or matrix, with few reinforcing fibers.
Definition
Loose connective tissue
Term
What type of connective tissue forms a protective layer over muscle, nerves, and blood vessels?
Definition
Loose connective tissue
Term
What type of LCT stores energy and helps insulate the body?
Definition
Adipose
Term
also called dense connective tissue
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue (FCT)
Term
Which kind of connective tissue makes up the tendons, which connect muscle to bone, and ligaments, which connect bone to bone at a joint?
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue
Term
What forms the embryonic skeleton of vertebrates and the adult skeleton of sharks and rays?
Definition
cartilage
Term
What serves as a reservoir (or sink) for calcium?
Definition
bone
Term
osteocytes
Definition
bone cells
Term
Dense bone has osteocytes (bone cells) located in small spaces called:
Definition
lacunae
Term
commonly referred to as Haversian canals
Definition
Lacunae
Term
What is the liquid matrix that seperates blood called?
Definition
blood plasma
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
Term
What type of blood cell uses the many hemoglobin molecules on their cell membranes to carry oxygen?
Definition
red blood cells
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
Which type of blood cells play a variety of roles in the immune system, including antibody production and antibody memory?
Definition
white blood cells
Term
What are cell fragments that function in blood clotting by plugging wounds in blood vessels?
Definition
Platelets
Term
myofibrils
Definition
bundle of two types of filaments, myosin(thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments)
Term
sarcomeres
Definition
smaller, functional units of a muscle cell
Term
What are the three types of muscle fibers?
Definition
skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac.
Term
fibers that have alternating light and dark bands perpendicular to the long axis of the cell
Definition
Skeletal (striated) muscle
Term
fibers that lack the banding that is seen in skeletal (striated) muscle, although actin and myosin still occur.
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
fibers that are a type of striated muscle found only in the heart.
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
What detects stimuli and controls the body’s response to those stimuli?
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
are often clustered into sensory organs such as the eyes and tongue
Definition
Nerve cells
Term
nerve cells that transmit nerve messages
Definition
Neurons
Term
What are in direct contact with neurons and provide support and protection?
Definition
Glial cells
Term
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Definition
neuron
Term
What part of the neuron receives information from other cells and transmits the message to the cell body?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
What part of the neuron contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells?
Definition
cell body
Term
What part of the neuron conducts messages away from the cell body?
Definition
axon
Term
Neurons touch eachother T/F
Definition
False
Term
What is the space between two cells called?
Definition
synaptic cleft
Term
What are stored in small synaptic vesicles clustered at the tip of the axon?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
The stomach contains how many types of animal tissue?
Definition
all four
Term
What aids in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food?
Definition
the stomach
Term
the maintenance of a stable internal environment
Definition
homeostasis
Term
What turns off the stimulus that caused the response in the first place?
Definition
Negative feedback
Term
What amplifies the response caused by the stimulus?
Definition
Positive feedback
Term
What fluid delivers needed raw materials to cells?
Definition
general extracellular fluid
Term
What operate to keep every cell in an animal body supplied with raw materials and cleaned of wastes?
Definition
two extracellular fluids (general extracellular fluid and blood plasma)
Term
What supplies cells with the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration
Definition
circulatory system
Term
The entire process of homeostasis is controlled by what two organ systems?
Definition
the nervous and endocrine systems
Term
linear systems that have no feedback mechanisms
Definition
Open systems
Term
have two components: a sensor and an effector
Definition
Closed systems
Term
controlled from outside the body
Definition
extrinsic
Term
What is one important endocrine reflex?
Definition
The maintenance of blood calcium levels
Term
Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Definition
thoracic cavity
Term
Which cavity holds the digestive and reproductive organs?
Definition
abdominal cavity
Term
What region contains four of the five senses (sight, sound, smell, and taste) as well as a brain?
Definition
cephalic region (the head)
Term
What functions does the Integumentary system have?
Definition
Outer protective layer
Prevention of water loss
Barrier to foreign microorganisms and viruses
Term
What are the major organs of the integumentary system?
Definition
Skin
Term
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Definition
Movement and locomotion (when working with a skeletal system)
Generating and maintaining body heat
Maintaining posture
Term
What are the major organs of the muscular system?
Definition
Skeletal muscles such as biceps, triceps, etc.
Term
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
Support and protection
Attachment points for muscles
Reservoir for ions such as calcium and phosphorous
Produces blood cells in bone marrow
Term
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Definition
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Assists in absorption of food molecules into the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Recycles water and reclaims vitamins from food in the large intestine
Term
What are the major organs of the digestive system?
Definition
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas
Term
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the circulatory system
Maintains the pH of the blood
Term
What are the major organs of the respiratory system?
Definition
Lungs (in tetrapods) and gills (in fish)
Term
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Definition
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, immune components, heat, water, and hormones
Works with the Lymphatic system to direct certain forms of the immune response
Osmoregulation (along with the Lymphatic and Excretory systems)
Term
What are the major organs in the circulatory system?
Definition
Heart, capillaries, arteries, and veins
Term
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Defends the internal environment from invading microorganisms and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth
The “immune system” provides cells that aid in protection of the body from disease via the antigen/antibody response.
Osmoregulation (along with the Circulatory and Excretory systems)
Term
What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Lymphoid organs/nodes such as the tonsils, adenoids as well as regions in other organs
Lymph fluid
Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell)
Term
What are the functions of the excretory system?
Definition
Regulates volume of internal body fluids
Eliminates metabolic wastes from the internal environment
Osmoregulation (along with the Circulatory and Lymphatic systems)
Term
What are the major organs in the excretory system?
Definition
Kidneys, ureter, urethra, and bladder
Term
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Coordinates and controls actions of internal organs and body systems (along with the Endocrine system)
Memory, learning, and conscious thought
Maintaining autonomic functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and control of involuntary muscle actions
Term
What are the major organs of the nervous system?
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerve ganglia, organized into several smaller “nervous” systems such as the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, etc.
Term
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Definition
Works with the nervous system to control the body’s homeostasis
Secretes hormones that regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Term
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
Definition
Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, etc that secrete hormones
Term
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
Definition
Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, etc that secrete hormones
Term
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
Definition
Responsible for perpetuation of the species by means of sexual reproduction
Elements of the reproductive system produce hormones (from endocrine control) that control and aid in sexual development.
Term
What are the major organs of the reproductive system?
Definition
Female Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, etc. involved in the development and maturation of eggs
Male organs: testes, vas deferens, penis, etc. involved in the development and delivery of sperm
Term
the outer, thinner layer of skin
Definition
epidermis
Term
a layer of fibrous connective tissue
Definition
dermis
Term
composed of loose connective tissue (final layer of skin)
Definition
subcutaneous layer
Term
The organs of the _____________ facilitate the exchange of gases.
Definition
respiratory system
Term
What system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, immune components, heat, and hormones?
Definition
Circulatory System
Term
What system is composed of lymph vessels and lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen?
Definition
the lymphatic system
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
a type of white blood cell that helps protect the body from disease
Term
Which type of lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland?
Definition
T-cells
Term
What part of the lymphatic system is similar to the lymph node except that it is larger and filled with blood?
Definition
the spleen
Term
The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes:
Definition
the brain and spinal cord
Term
What connects the CNS to other parts of the body and is composed of nerves?
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Term
Which is the thinner layer, epidermis or dermis?
Definition
epidermis
Term
What cells are the innermost layer of the epidermis?
Definition
Basal cells
Term
What cells produce the pigment melanin?
Definition
melanocytes
Term
Varying amounts of keratin can produce harder or softer skin. T/F
Definition
True
Term
What layer of skin under the epidermis contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fibers?
Definition
dermis
Term
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
second most common skin cancer
Term
melanoma
Definition
most infrequently contracted skin cancer, most serious form of skin cancer
Term
Which glands produce a solution that bacteria act upon to produce body odor?
Definition
Apocrine
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
Pressure receptors
Term
What are especially common in the lips and tips of the fingers and are very sensitive to touch?
Definition
Meissner's corpuscles
Term
What are oval-shaped receptors with concentric layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve ending?
Definition
Pacinian corpuscles
Term
The skin has more receptors to detect hot than for cold. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which was the first part of the animal to encounter new stimuli?
Definition
the head
Term
Since vertebrates and mollusks are not closely related, the presence of a camera eye in each group is an example of:
Definition
evolutionary convergence
Term
sclera
Definition
the outer, white part of the eye
Term
cornea
Definition
a clear part of the sclera that is the window of the eye, it lets light in
Term
choroid
Definition
pigmented part of the eye, is the layer below the sclera
Term
iris
Definition
ring-shaped, regulates the size of the pupil
Term
Which humor fills the area between the front of the lens and the cornea?
Definition
the aqueous humor
Term
Which humor fills the back part of the eye between the lens and the retina?
Definition
vitreous humor
Term
Where are the light receptors of the eye located?
Definition
the retina
Term
What occurs when the optic nerve passes through the retina?
Definition
the blind spot
Term
What is the are of retina that contains only cones?
Definition
fovea centralis
Term
What are the changes of the shape of the eye in order to see objects closer and farther away from you called?
Definition
accommodations
Term
What part of the eye detects low light levels and thus provides vision at night or under low light levels?
Definition
Rods
Term
What part of the eye are primarily in the fovea and are activated by bright light, detail, and color?
Definition
cones
Term
What is the partial or total loss of vision reception?
Definition
Blindness
Term
What disease occurs late in life as eye fluids create pressures on the eye?
Definition
Glaucoma
Term
What eye disease causes the lens of the eye to become clouded or opaque, resulting in vision loss?
Definition
cataracts
Term
Which eye disease is linked to diabetes?
Definition
Diabetic retinopathy
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness
Term
hyperopia
Definition
farsightedness
Term
What part of the ear helps us maintain our balance?
Definition
inner ear
Term
What type of hearing loss occurs when the three ossicles fail to conduct sound to the cochlea?
Definition
Conductive loss
Term
Nerve loss is reversible. T/F
Definition
False
Term
What is a general term for any disorder caused by infection of the ear?
Definition
Otitis
Term
What are microscopic extensions of the plasma membrane that have receptors for certain chemicals?
Definition
microvilli
Term
What is a substance needed for normal metabolism, growth, and regulation of cell function?
Definition
a vitamin
Term
a sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct
Definition
ampulla
Term
light receptors in primates' eyes that operate in bright light; provide color vision and visual acuity.
Definition
cones
Term
structure linking the pharynx to the middle ear
Definition
eustachian tube
Term
the cells in the inner layer of the epidermis that produce melanin
Definition
melanocytes
Term
Structures in the inner ear sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration
Definition
otoliths
Term
In which circulatory system does the heart pump blood into a body cavity and the tissues are surrounded by blood?
Definition
open circulatory system
Term
Which circulatory system is in vertebrates and includes blood vessels?
Definition
closed circulatory systems
Term
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Definition
arteries
Term
What is the main artery leaving the heart?
Definition
the aorta
Term
Which artery is the only artery that carries oxygen-poor blood?
Definition
the pulmonary artery
Term
What are small arteries that connect larger arteries with capillaries?
Definition
arterioles
Term
What are smaller veins that gather blood from capillary beds and join to form veins?
Definition
Venules
Term
What is a measurement of the force blood applies to the artery walls?
Definition
blood pressure
Term
What represents the greatest pressure produced when the heart contracts?
Definition
Systole
Term
What represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is not contracting?
Definition
diastole
Term
What is the major portion of the heart?
Definition
myocardium
Term
What is a sac that contains pericardial fluid, which provides a cushioning effect and surrounds the heart?
Definition
pericardium
Term
What prevents blood from flowing back to the atrium from a ventricle?
Definition
atrioventricular (AV) valve
Term
What separates each ventricle from its connecting artery?
Definition
semilunar (or arterial) valve
Term
contraction of the heart muscle
Definition
systole
Term
relaxation of the heart muscle
Definition
diastole
Term
What measures changes in electrical potential across the heart?
Definition
electrocardiogram (ECG)
Term
Which arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs?
Definition
pulmonary arteries
Term
Which veins carry blood from lungs to heart?
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
Which arteries deliver oxygenated blood and food to the heart?
Definition
Coronary arteries
Term
proteins that help preserve the osmotic balance between the blood and surrounding cells
Definition
albumins
Term
What form a large group of blood proteins that aid in transporting molecules, such as cholesterol?
Definition
globulins
Term
What is the large protein molecule that binds oxygen in the lungs?
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
What is the decreased ability of red blood cells to supply adequate oxygen to the body’s cells?
Definition
Anemia
Term
What is a range of diseases involving uncontrolled increases in the numbers of white blood cells?
Definition
Leukemia
Term
Disease-causing agents are collectively known as:
Definition
pathogens
Term
What kind of barriers form the first line of defense?
Definition
Physical and chemical barriers
Term
What is the second line of defense?
Definition
Nonspecific defenses
Term
What system directly kills microbes?
Definition
the complement system
Term
What is a species-specific chemical produced by cells that are under viral attack?
Definition
Interferon
Term
What is the third line of defense?
Definition
specific defenses
Term
What is accomplished by the B cells and the antibodies they produce?
Definition
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
Term
What type of immunity is controlled by the T cells?
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Term
What are white blood cells that continually patrol the body in search of foreign (non-self) antigenic molecules, viruses, or microbes?
Definition
macrophages
Term
What develops after an illness or vaccine?
Definition
active immunity
Term
What is the type of immunity at work when an individual is given antibodies to combat a specific disease(it's short lived)?
Definition
Passive immunity
Term
substances that cause allergies, include dust, molds, pollen, cat dander, certain foods, and some medicines
Definition
allergens
Term
Cells produced from B cells that synthesize and release antibodies
Definition
plasma cells
Term
Substances produced by some microogranisms,plants and vertebrates that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Definition
antibiotics
Term
over-reaction of the immune system
Definition
allergies
Term
cells in bone marrow that produce lymphocytes by mitotic division
Definition
stem cells
Term
a network of glands and vessels that drain interstitial fluid from body tissues and return it to the circulatory system
Definition
lymphatic system
Term
Animals that use their mouth to ingest food
Definition
ingestive eaters
Term
What kind of animals live in the digestive system of another animal to absorb nutrients from that animal through their body wall?
Definition
absorbtive feeders
Term
What kind of feeders collect small organisms and particles from the surrounding water?
Definition
filter feeders
Term
What kind of animals eat the material (dirt or wood) as they burrow?
Definition
substrate feeders
Term
What type of feeders pierce the body of a plant or animal and withdraw fluids?
Definition
fluid feeders
Term
The parts of the digestive system feed their digestive secretions into a common area known as the(it stretches from the mouth to the anus):
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
What is also known as the biliary system?
Definition
the salivary glands, parts of the pancreas, and the liver and gall bladder
Term
A mass of chewed, moistened food
Definition
bolus
Term
Muscles in the esophagus propel the bolus by waves of involuntary muscular contractions which is known as:
Definition
peristalsis
Term
Hydrochloric acid does not directly function in digestion. T/F
Definition
True
Term
the mix of acid and food in the stomach
Definition
chyme
Term
Which intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Definition
small
Term
Upper part of the small intestine
Definition
duodenum
Term
the second third of the small intestine
Definition
jejunum
Term
ileum
Definition
lower third of the small intestine
Term
What causes increased stomach acid and mobility of the digestive tract?
Definition
gastrin
Term
What are foods required on a large scale each day?
Definition
macronutrients
Term
What transmit nerve messages?
Definition
neurons
Term
What are in direct contact with neurons and often surround them?
Definition
Glial cells
Term
What part of the neuron receives information from another cell and transmits the message to the cell body?
Definition
dendrites
Term
What contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells?
Definition
cell body
Term
What conducts messages away from the cell body?
Definition
Axon
Term
Which neurons typically have a long dendrite and short axon?
Definition
sensory
Term
Which neurons have a long axon and short dendrites?
Definition
Motor neurons
Term
Which neurons are found only in the central nervous system where they connect neuron to neuron?
Definition
interneurons
Term
charge difference
Definition
resting potential
Term
changed polarity of the membrane
Definition
action potential
Term
Which Nervous System is involved in the fight or flight response?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Which nervous system is involved in relaxation?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
What part of the brain is closest to the spinal cord?
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
What is the second largest part of the brain, after the cerebrum?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
What is the conscious brain?
Definition
cerebrum
Term
Which part of the brain consists of the diencephalon and cerebrum?
Definition
forebrain
Term
What refers to the state aquatic animals are in: they are surrounded by freshwater and must constantly deal with the influx of water?
Definition
osmoregulation
Term
What describes little water transport between the inside of the animal and the isotonic outside environment?
Definition
osmoconformers
Term
Which of the following population growth curves would be expected when a limiting factor is present?
Definition
S-shaped curve
Term
When prey populations are reduced, some predators may switch to an alternate food source. T/F
Definition
True
Term
An organism's energy, nutrient and survival requirements are aspects of its:
Definition
niche
Term
___ happens when organisms vie for the same resources such as food, living space or mates.
Definition
Competition
Term
The human growth curve is ___-shaped.
Definition
J
Term
___ happens when one organism feeds upon another.
Definition
Predation
Term
What is the name for a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area?
Definition
Population
Term
All species populations are uniformly distributed across their ranges. T/F
Definition
False
Term
What is the study of factors that affect growth, stability, and decline of populations?
Definition
Population dynamics
Term
At the time that a population's growth curve begins to rise dramatically, that population is demonstrating its ___ potential.
Definition
exponential
Term
The loss of one population can cause the extinction of another population that depends on the first population for food. This is an example of:
Definition
secondary extinction
Term
Human activity can affect the population size of another species through:
Definition
pollution, introduction of new species,and over-hunting
Term
The population size that can be maintained over the long term is called the:
Definition
carrying capacity
Term
In which biological interaction does the presence of one species inhibit the growth of another while being itself unaffected?
Definition
amensalism
Term
The smallest population size that can avoid extinction is called:
Definition
minimum viable population
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