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Biology AP
Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
23
Biology
12th Grade
10/16/2007

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Term
Fermentation     
Definition
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alochol or lactic acid
Term
Cellular Respiration  
Definition
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Term
Redox reaction  
Definition
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction
Term
Oxidation  
Definition
The loss of electrons from one substance
Term
Reduction
Definition
The addition of electrons to another substance
Term
Reducing agent  
Definition
The electron donor in a redox reaction
Term
Oxidizing agent
Definition
The elctron acceptor in a redox reaction
Term
NAD+
Definition
Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism
Term
Electron transport chain
Definition
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
Term
Glyolysis
Definition
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metbolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration
Term
Citric acid cycle
Definition
Involves eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation  
Definition
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain
Term
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Definition
The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Term
Acetyl CoA
Definition
Acetyle coenzyme A; the entry compound from the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Term
Cytochrome
Definition
An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis
Term
Proton-movtive force
Definition
The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis
Term
Aerobic
Definition
Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen
Term
Anerobic
Definition
TLacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it
Term
Alcohol fermentation
Definition
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alchohol
Term
Lactic acid fermentation
Definition
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide
Term
Facultative anerobe
Definition
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions
Term
Beta oxidation
Definition
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
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