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| The reproduction of cells |
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| An ordered sequence of events in the life of eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of the M,G1,S, and G2 phases |
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| The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material |
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| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus; Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins |
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| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell |
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| A haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome;; When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
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| Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually seperated during mitosis or meiosis II |
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| The centralized region joining two sister chromatids |
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| A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally dived into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; Mitosis conserves chromosome # by = allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei |
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Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis |
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| The 1st division of a 2 stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome # of the original cell |
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| The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
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| The period in the cell cycle when the cell in not dividing. During this phase: cellular metabolic activirty is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| The 1st growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins |
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Definition
| The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated |
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| The 2nd growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs |
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Definition
| The 1st stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact |
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Definition
| The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes |
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Definition
| The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate |
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Definition
| The 4th stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell |
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| The 5th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun |
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Definition
| An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |
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| Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, imporant during cell division |
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| A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis |
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| A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitochondrion that houses extranuclear DNA |
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| An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles |
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| The process of cytokinesis i animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. Also, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells |
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| The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
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| A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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| The type of cell division bywhich prokayotes reproduce; Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome |
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| Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins |
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| Cell Cycle Control System |
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Definition
| A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that trigger and coordinates key events in the cell cycle |
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| A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
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| A non dividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle |
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Definition
| A regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically |
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| Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks) |
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Definition
| A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
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| Maturation-promoting Factor MPF |
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Definition
| A protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis; The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase |
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Definition
| A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the frowth and normal development of certain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
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| Platelet-derived Growth factor (PDGF) |
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Definition
| Required for the division of fibroblasts in culture |
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| Density-dependent Inhibition |
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Definition
| The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another |
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Definition
| The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum |
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| the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell; A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
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| A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin |
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| A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs |
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| The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
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Definition
| The 2nd division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome # of the original cell |
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