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| substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions; there are 92 elements; Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up 96% of living math; Phosphorous, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium make up remaining 4% |
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| substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio;Ex: NACl 1:1 |
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| required by an organism in only minute quantities; Iron is needed by all forms of life |
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| smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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| Neutrons, Protons, Electrons |
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Definition
| Neutrons (no charge), Protons (+) are packed together in center of atom to form the nucleus; electrons (-) moving around the center form a cloud |
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| # of protons and electrons in atom |
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| sum of protons plus neutrons |
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| the total mass of an atom, which is the mas in grams of 1 mole of the atom |
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| Forms of the same chemical element that differ only by the number of neutrons in their nucleus. Most elements have more than one naturally occurring isotope |
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| An isotope of an element that has an unstable nucleus; it tries to stabilize itself by giving off ionizing radiation |
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| the capacity to caus change, for instance by doing work |
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| the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure; Ex: water in a reservoir on a hill has potential energy |
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| different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atoms |
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| average distance from the nucleus; the closer to the nucleus the lower the potential energy |
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| Electrons in the outermost or highest-energy orbitals of an atom; the electrons that are gained or lost in a chemical reaction. |
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| the outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to account for any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms |
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| the route around the nucleus of an atom that an electron travels |
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| an attraction between 2 atoms by the sharing of valence electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells |
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| 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of valence electrons |
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| 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bond |
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| a pair of shared electrons; Ex: H-H |
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| sharing of 2 electrons pairs; Ex: 0=0 |
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| the bonding capacity of an atom, generally = to the # of unpaired electrons in the atoms outermost shells |
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| the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| a type of bond in which electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms of similar electro-negativity |
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| a bond between atoms that differ in electron-egativity; the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly + |
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| a charged atom or molecule |
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| when ion is specifcally + |
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| a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions; also called salts |
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| weak chemical bond formed when the slightly + hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in 1 molecule is attracted to the slightly - atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
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| van der Waals interaction |
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Definition
| a weak interaction between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations |
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Definition
| change reactants into products while conserving matter; most are reversible; Chemical equilibrium is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are = |
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