Term
| Animals are a what kind of group and share what series of traits? |
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Definition
| They are a monophyletic group and are multicellular, with cells that lack cell walls but have an extensive extracellular matrix. They are heterotrophs and most ingest their food |
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Term
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Definition
| they obtain the carbon compounds they need from other organisms |
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Term
| Animals are the only what? |
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Definition
| They are the only multicellular heterotrophs on the tree of life that ingest their food |
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Term
| All animals other than sponges have? |
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Definition
| Specialized cells called neurons - nerve cells - that transmit electrical signals to other cells and 2. muscle cells that can change the shape of the body by contracting |
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Term
| Ecological importance of animals |
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Definition
| Animals are key consumers in virtually every ecosystem from the deep oceans to alpine ice fields and from tropical forests to arctic tundras. It is not possible to understand or preserve ecosystems without understanding/preserving animals |
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Term
| Biological importance of animals |
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Definition
| Extraordinarily diverse and species-rich lineage on the tree of life. btwn 10-50 million living animal species. Range so much in size and complexity |
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Term
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Definition
| About 30 phyla, or major lineages of animals - though the exact number is debated. Each animal phylum has distinct morphological features - synapomorphies that identify it as a monophyletic group |
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Term
| The origin and early evolution of animals was based on what? |
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Definition
| Four aspects of the fundamental architecture, or body plan, of animals |
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Term
| What are the four aspects of body plan? |
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Definition
1. The origin and elaboration of tissues - especially tissues found in embryos
2. the origin/elaboration of the nervous system and subsequent evo. of cephalized body
3. evolution of a fluid-filled body cavity
and 4. variation in the events of early embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
| one with a distinctive head region |
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Term
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Definition
| all animals have groups of simila cells that are organized into the tightly integrated structural and functional units called tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of tightly joined cells that covers the surface |
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Term
| Diploblasts, triploblasts |
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Definition
| Animals whose embryos have two types of tissue, or three types |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic tissues are organized in layers |
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Term
| What are the germ layers in diploblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the germ layers in triploblasts? |
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Definition
| Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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Term
| The embryonic tissues found in animals develop into distinct adult tissues, organs, and organ systems. In triploblasts, what does each germ layer of tissue give rise to? |
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Definition
| Ectoderm gives rise to skin and the nervous system. Endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract. Mesoderm gives rise to the circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures like bone and most organs. |
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Term
| What is the difference between diplo and triploblasts other than the extra germ layer? |
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Definition
| The same pattern of layers and functions holds in diploblasts except that 1. muscle is simpler in organization and is derived from the ectoderm and 2. reproductive tissues are derived from endoderm |
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Term
| What groups of animals are diploblasts? |
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Definition
| The Cnidaria - which include the jellyfish, corals, sea pends, hydra, and anemones. And the Ctenophora, or comb jellies. |
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Term
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Definition
| They lack muscle and are sessile or nonmoving as adults and their larvae move via cilia. They also lack neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Cnidarians and Ctenophores have nerve cells that are organized into a diffuse arrangement called a nerve net |
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Term
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Definition
| all animals other than cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges have this. In a CNS, some neurons are clustered into one or more large tracts or cords that project throughout the body; others are clustered into masses called ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| A mass of neurons in a centralized nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal body pattern in which there are least two planes of symmetry. Typically, the body is in the form of a cylinder or disk, with body parts radiating from a central hub |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal body pattern in which there is one plane of symmetry dividing the body into a left side and a right side. Typically, the body is long and narrow, with a distinct head end and tail end. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a distinct anterior head region where sense organs and a mouth are clustered |
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Term
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Definition
| A large mass of neurons located in the head region of an animal, that is involved in information processing; may also be called the cerebral ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is lined with mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal that lacks an internal body cavity (coelom) |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal that has a true coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of a major lineage of animals (Bilateria) that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have a coelom. All protostomes and deuterostomes are bilaterians. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major lineage of animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the mouth earlier than the anus, and formation of the coelom by splitting a block of mesoderm. Includes arthropods, mollusks, and annelids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major lineage of animals that share a pattern of embryological development, including formation of the anus earlier than the mouth and formation of the coelom by pinching off of layers of mesoderm from the gut. Includes echniderms and chordates |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of body support involving fluid-filled compartments that can change in shape but cannot easily be compressed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Division of the body or a part of it into a series of similar structures; exemplified by the body segments of insects and worms and by the somites of vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanently attached to a substrate; not capable of moving to another location |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized flagellated feeding cell found in choanoflagellates (protists that are the closest living relative of animals) and sponges (the oldest animal phylum) |
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Term
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Definition
| A major lineage of protostomes that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes. Compare with lophotrochozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| A major lineage of protostomes that grow by extending the size of their skeletons rather than by molting. Many phyla have a specialized feeding structure (lophophore) and/or ciliated larvae (trochophore). Includes rotifers, flatworms, segmented worms, and mollusks. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major chordate lineages (Vertebrata), comprising animals with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures (vertebrate) and a skull enclosing the brain. Includes, fishes, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, and birds |
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Term
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Definition
| A paraphyletic group composed of animals without a backbone; includes about 95 percent of all animal species |
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Term
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Definition
| Member of the phylum Mollusca. Distinguished by a body plan with three main parts: a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle. Includes bivalves (clams, oysters), gastropods (snails, slugs), chitons, and cephalopods (squid, octopus). Mollusks belong to the lophotrochozoan branch of the protostomes |
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Term
| Suspension feeders or filter feeders |
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Definition
| capture food by filtering out or concentrating particles floating in water or drifting through the air |
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Term
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Definition
| ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice |
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Term
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Definition
| take chunks of food into their mouths |
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Term
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Definition
| A rasping feeding appendage in gastropods (snails, slugs) |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on dead organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| are usually larger than their prey and kill them quickly. Animals that kill others for food |
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Term
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Definition
| are usually smaller than their victims and often harvest nutrients without causing death |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that lives inside the host's body |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite that lives on the outer surface of the hosts's body. |
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Term
| Important functions of animal locomotion |
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Definition
| Finding food, finding mates,escaping from predators, and dispersing to new habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| Producing live young instead of eggs that develop within the body of the mother before birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Producing eggs that are laid outside the body where they develop and hatch |
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Term
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Definition
| Producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch |
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Term
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Definition
| an immature stage of a species in which the immature and adult stages have different body forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition from one developmental stage to another, such as from the larval to the adult form of an animal |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual that has adult-like morphology but is not sexually mature |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexually mature individual |
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Term
| Hemimetabolous metamorphosis |
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Definition
| A type of metamorphosis in which the animal increases in size from one stage to the next, but does not dramatically change its body form. Also called incomplete metamorphosis |
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Term
| Holometabolous metamorphosis |
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Definition
| A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form. Also called complete metamorphosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A metamorphorphosising insect that is enclosed in a protective case |
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Term
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Definition
| The immotile (sessile) stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians like jellyfish. Compare with medusa |
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Term
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Definition
| The free-floating stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians like jellyfish. compare with polyp |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of identical individuals that are physically attached |
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Term
| key lineages of animals: non-bilaterian groups |
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Definition
| Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids), Ctenophora (comb jellies), Acoelomorpha (Acoels) |
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Term
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Definition
| Living at the bottom of an aquatic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| In many species, collagen fibers are augmented by spicules, stiff spikes of silica or calcium carbonate - to provide structural support for the body |
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Term
| Feeding of sponges (porifera) |
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Definition
| Most are suspension feeders. Ther cells beat coordinated to make water current that filters in organic debris, bacteria, arch, etc and then digested. Some deep sea sponges are predators, capturing small crustaceans on hooks |
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Term
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Definition
| most adult sponges are sessile, though some can move 4 mm a day. most produce swimming larvae (cilia aided) |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual in a variety of ways. Fragmentation. most species produce both eggs and sperm, but self fert is rare. fertilization usually happens in the water |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidocyte is used in prey capture. when the cells sense a fish or other prey, the cells eject a barbed speak like structure that may have toxins. they are usually near cnidarians mouths. |
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Term
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Definition
| polyps and mudesae have simple, muscle like tissue derived from ecto or endoderm and sometimes mesoderm. in polyps, the gut cavity is a hydrostatic skeleton. many polyps can creep along a substrate. In medusae, the bottom of the bell structure has muscle like cells that contract. It moves by jet propulsion. Cnidarian larvae swim with cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| Polyps may produce new individuals asexually by budding, fission, or fragmentation. in sex rep. gametes are released from mouth of polyp or medusa and fertilization happens in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| predators. some comb jellies have long tentacles with an adhesive or prey can stick to mucus on the body in some species or some ingest prey whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| adults move via cilia beating, which occur in comblike plates. the plates form rows along the length of the body. they are the larges animals known to use cilia for locomotion |
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Term
| Reproduction of Ctenophora |
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Definition
| most species have both male/female organs and self-fertilize, but its external. larvae are free swimming. ocean floor species do internal fertilization and keep embryos until hatch into larvae |
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Term
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Definition
| food on detritus or prey on small animals or protists that live in mud or sand. |
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Term
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Definition
| they swim, glide along the surface, or burrow through substrates with the aid of cilia that cover either the entire body or the ventral surface. |
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Term
| Reproduction of Acoelomorpha |
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Definition
| adults can reproduce asexually by fission or by budding. individuals produce both sperm and eggs, fertilization is internal, and fertilized eggs are laid outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| an exiting adult splits lengthwise to form two individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of an adult regenerate missing pieces to form a complete individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a new organism grows out from the body wall of an existing individual |
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