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Biology 94 Chapter 30
Green Algae and Land Plants
71
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/10/2013

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Term
Why is green algae studied along with land plants instead of protist groups?
Definition
. Closest living relative to land plants ad form a monophyletic group w/ them
o 2. The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from green algae
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
consists of all organisms in a particular area, along w physical components (atmosphere,surface water, precipiration, nutrients, sunlight, soil, etc)
Term
Ecosystem services?
Definition
enhance life-supporting attributes of atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of ecosystem
• Alter the environment in ways that benefit many other organisms
Term
What are the ecosystems services they provide?
Definition
Plants produce/provide oxygen, build and hold soil, are primary producers of chemical energy, hold water and moderate climate.
Term
Describe the food chain starting with primary producers.
Definition
Plants are the • Dominant primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems
o Primary producers convert energy in light into chemical energy
o Sugars they produce by photosyn. Support virtually all organisms in terrestrial
• They are eaten by herbivores
• These consumers are eaten by carnivores
• Omnivores feed at several levels in food chain: plants, herbivores, and carnivores
Term
How do plants interact in the global carbon cycle?
Definition
• Take CO2 from atmosphere and reduce it to make sugars
• Although they produce a lot of CO2 from cell respiration, they fix much more than they release
• Loss of plants has led to increased CO2 in atmosphere, which in turn is responsible for rapid warming
Term
What do plants do for humans?
Definition
They provide us with food, fuel, fiber, building materials, and many important medicines
Term
How do biologists study green algae and land plants?
Definition
• To understand how green plants originated and diversified, biologists analyze
o 1. Morphological traits
o 2. The fossil record
o 3. Phylogenetic trees estimated from similarities and differences in DNA sequences form homologous genes
• 3 are complementary and give clear picture of how land plants evolved from green algae and then diversified
Term
Morphological similarities of green algae and land plants
Definition
o Chloroplasts contain photosyn pigments chlorophyll a and b and accessory pigment beta carotene
o Similar arrangements of thylakoids – internal, membranebound sacs
o Cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes are similar in structure and composition
o Chloroplasts synthesize starch as a storage product
Term
Algal groups most like land plants?
Definition
Coleochaetes and Charophyceae
Term
Based on morphology, land plants can be in 3 different groups.. what are they?
Definition
Non vascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, and seed plants with vascular tissue
Term
Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)
Definition
that lack vascular tissue – specialized groups of cells that conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant body to another. Moss is an example
Term
. Seedless vascular plants
Definition
have vascular tissue but do not make seeds. A seed consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer. Ferns are an example
Term
Seed plants
Definition
Seed plants have vascular tissue. The flowering plants, or angiosperms (encased-seeds) are seed plants
Term
..First evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia?
Definition
475 million years ago. Origin of land plants
Term
Silurian-Devonian explosion, most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves
Definition
416 million years ago
Term
Carbiniferous period... lycophytes and horestails abundant. Also extensive coal-forming swamps
Definition
359 million years ago
Term
gymnosperms abundant, wet and dry environments with green plants for first time
Definition
299 mya
Term
angiosperms abundant. diversification of flowering plants
Definition
145 mya to NOW
Term
475 mya?
Definition
..First evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia?
Term
416 mya?
Definition
Silurian-Devonian explosion, most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves
Term
359 million years ago?
Definition
Carbiniferous period... lycophytes and horestails abundant. Also extensive coal-forming swamps
Term
299 mya?
Definition
gymnosperms abundant, wet and dry environments with green plants for first time
Term
145 mya to NOW?
Definition
angiosperms abundant. diversification of flowering plants
Term
What is green algae famously responsible for
Definition
Oxygenating Earth's atmosphere and making diverse and abundant life possible on our planet. Only reason we're alive is because of them. Well not only reason. OK shut up now. Get back to studying
Term
Cuticle
Definition
Cuticle is a watertight barrier that coats today’s land plants and helps them resist drying
Term
Sporopollen
Definition
which encases spores and pollen from modern land plants and helps them resist drying
Term
Sporangia
Definition
A spore-producing structure found in seed plants, some protists, and some fungi
Term
Gymnosperm
Definition
A vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers. The gymnosperms include four lineages of green plants (cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and gnetophytes)
Term
What lineages of green plants are in gymnosperms?
Definition
cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and gnetophytes, pines/spruces/firs, redwoods/junipers/yews
Term
Green algae
Definition
A PARAPHYLETIC group of photosynthetic organisms that contain chloroplasts similar to those in green plants. Often classified as protists, they are the closest living relatives of land plants and form a monophyletic group with land plants
Term
Key observations about the phylogenetic tree for land plants and green algae? page 552
Definition
The green plants are monophyletic, The initial splitting events on the tree, near the root, lead to lineages of green algae, o 3. Green algae are paraphyletic,o 4. Charophyceae are closest living relative to land plants,Land plants are monophyletic, . The bryophytes or non-vascular plants are the earliest branching groups among land plants, . The non-vascular plants form a grade – a sequence of lineages,The seed less vascular plants form a grade, but vascular plants as a whole are monophyletic, The seed plants – the gymnosperms plus angiosperms – are monophyletic., The gymnosperms are a monophyletic group, as are the angiosperms
Term
How did plants adapt to dry conditions?
Definition
Preventing water loss with the cuticle and stomata, and achieving upright growth
Term
Artificial selection
Definition
Actively selecting individuals with the largest and most nutritious seeds, leaves, or other plant parts year after year, our ancestors gradually changed the characteristics of certain wild species.
Term
Cuticle
Definition
a watertight sealant that covers aboveground parts of plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments
Term
Stoma
Definition
(plural stomata) – consists of an opening surrounded by specialized guard cells
Term
Pore
Definition
the opening of the stoma, opens or closes as the guard cells change shape
Term
Guard cells
Definition
get flaccid due to outflow of water and close the stomata to limit water loss from the plant and get turgid due to inflow of water, they open the pore
Term
• Two problems need to be overcome for plants to grow erect in a dry environment
o 1. Transporting water from tissues in contact with wet soil to tissues in contact w dry air, against gravity and
o 2. Becoming rigid enough to avoid falling over in response to gravity and wind
What solved the problem?
Definition
Vascular tissue
Term
Lignin
Definition
a complex polymer built from six-carbon rings
• Super strong and effective in resisting gravity
Term
Tracheids
Definition
long, thin, tapering cells that have:
o 1. A thickened, lignin-containing secondary cell wall in addition to a cellulose-based primary cell wall
o 2. Pits in sides and ends of the cell where secondary cell wall is absent so water can flow efficiently from one tracheid to the next
Term
Vessel elements
Definition
shorter and wider than tracheids, their upper and lower ends have gaps where BOTH the primary and secondary cell wall are missing
Term
Wood
Definition
• In stems/branches of some vasculars, tracheids or combo of tracheids and vessels van form extremely strong support material
Term
The 3 key adaptations that allowed early plants to colonize land?
Definition
Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue
Term
When convergence occurs...
Definition
similar traits evolve independently in two distinct lineages
Term
How do plants reproduce in dry conditions?
Definition
spores that resist drying, they are encased in a tough coat of sporopollenin.
Term
What other two innovations other than sporopollenin made for efficient reproduction in dry environments?
Definition
1.Gametes produced in complex, multicellular structures
o 2. The embryo retained on the parent (mother) plant and was nourished by it
Term
antheridium
Definition
o Sperm producing structure
Term
archegonium
Definition
o egg-producing structure
Term
Gametangium (plural gametangia)
Definition
The gamete-forming structure found in all land plants except for angiosperms. Contains a sperm-producing antheridium and an egg-producing archegonium.
Term
Second innovation that occurred in evolution and allowed for land plant reproduction?
Definition
evolution involved the eggs that formed inside archegonia
• Instead of shedding eggs into water or soil, land plants retain them.• In contrast to zygotes of green algae, zygotes of all land plants begin to develop on the parent plant, forming a multicellular embryo that remains attached to the parent and can be nourished by it
Term
How does green algal retain their eggs?
Definition
retained in green algal lineages most closely related to land plants
• In these guys, like Charales, sperm swim to the egg, fertilization occurs, and zygote stays attached to parent
o Before or after fertilization, egg or zygote receives nutrients from mother plant
o Parent plant dies as temp drops and zygote remains on dead parental tissue, settling to bottom of lake or pond and overwinters
o In spring, meiosis occurs and resulting spores develop into haploid adult plants
Term
Embryophyta
Definition
An increasing popular name for the lineage called land plants.
Term
Embryophyte
Definition
A plant that nourishes its embryos inside its own body. All land plants do this.
Term
Alternation of generations
Definition
A life cycle involveing alternation of a multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) with a multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte). Occurs in most plants and some protists as well.
Term
Gametophyte
Definition
Multicellular HAPLOID stage
Term
Sporophyte
Definition
Multicellular DIPLOID stage
Term
Basic steps of alternation of generations
Definition
o 1. Sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, spores are haploid
o 2. Spores divide by mitosis and develop into a haploid gametophyte
o 3. Gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis. Both gametophyte and gametes are haploid
o 4. Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote
o 5. The zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte
Term
Differences between zygotes and spores
Definition
o 1. Zygotes and spores are both single cells that divide by mitosis to form a multicell individual
o 2. Zygotes result from fusion of 2 cells, such as a sperm and an egg, but spores are not formed by the fusion of 2 cells
o 3. Zygotes produce sporophytes, spores produce gametophytes
4. Spores are produced inside structures called sporangia; gametes are produced inside
Term
Gametophyte vs sporophyte dependent cycles in land plants
Definition
• In non vascular plants like mosses, the sporophyte is small and short lived and largely dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition. • In contrast, ferns and other VASCULAR plants, the sporophyte is much larger and longer lived than the gametophyte
Term
Heterospory
Definition
– the production of two distinct types of spore-producing structures and thus two distinct types of spores
Term
Homosporous
Definition
they produce a single type of spore
Term
Microsporangia
Definition
are spore-producing structures that produce microspores
Term
Microspores
Definition
develop into male gametophytes, which produce the small gametes called sperm
Term
Megasporangia
Definition
spore-producing structures that produce megaspores
Term
Megaspores
Definition
develop into female gametophytes, which produce the large gametes called eggs
Term
Pollen grain
Definition
In heterosporous seed plants, the microspore germinates to form a tiny male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin, resulting in a pollen grain. They can be exposed to the air for long periods of time without drying. They are carried by wind or animals
Term
Seed
Definition
a structure that includes an embryo and a food supply surrounded by a tough coat
Term
Stamen
Definition
one of the key reproductive strucutres of the flower. Includes an anther, where microsporangia develop. Meiosis occurs inside the microsporangia, forming microspores. They then divide by mitosis to form pollen grains
Term
Carpel
Definition
contains a protective structure called an ovary where the ovules are found
Term
How do ovules work
Definition
They contain the megasporangia. A cell inside the megasporangium divides by meiosis to form the female gametophyte
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