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| The study of the FUNCTION an organism performs. |
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| Study of the STRUCTURE of an organism. |
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| how organisms obtain, process, and use their energy resources. One use of an animal's energy resources is to regulate its internal environment. |
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| How is the body plan of an animal formed? |
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| Results from a pattern of development programmed by the genome, itself the product of million of years of evolution. |
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| Evolutionary convergence in fast swimmers |
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| Fast swimming animals all have the same streamlined body form: a fusi-form shape, which means tapered on both ends. Thes similar shapes is example of convergent evolution. Convergence occurs because natural selection shapes similar adaptations when diverse organisms face the same environmental challenge. |
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| How does an animal's size and shape have a direct effect on how the animal exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings? |
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| An animals's body plan must allow all of its living cells to be bathed in an aqueous medium. |
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| this is a design that maximizes exposure to the surrounding medium. Puts a large surface aread in contact with the environment; but these simple forms do not allow much complexity in internal organization. |
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| Benefits of complex body forms |
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Definition
| a specialized outer covering can protect against predators; large muscles can enable rapid movement; and internal digestive organs can break down food gradually, controlling the release of stored energy. |
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| Animals exhibit hierarchical levels of organization, each with emergent properties. Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into TISSUES that have different functions. Tissues combined into functional ORGANS, and groups of organs work together to form ORGAN SYSTEMS. |
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| groups of cells with a common structure and function. Classified into 4 main categories: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue. |
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| occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells; covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body. Functions as a barrier agains injury, microbes, and fluid loss. |
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| absorb or secrete chemical solutions |
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| formed by the glandular epithelia that line the lumen of the digestive and respiratory tracts; they secret mucus that lubricates the surface and keeps it moist. |
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| has a single layer of cells |
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| has multiple tiers of cells. |
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| functions to bind and support other tissues. Connective tissue fibers are made of protein are of 3 kinds: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. |
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Definition
| made of collagen, the most abundant in animal kingdom. Nonelastic; do not tear easily |
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| long threads made of protien called Elastin. Provide a rubbery quality |
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| very thin and branched.Made of collagen nd form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissues to adjacent tissues |
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| very thin and branched.Made of collagen nd form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissues to adjacent tissues |
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| type of loose connective tissue; secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers. |
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| type of loose connective tissue; amoeboid cells taht roam the maze of fibers and eat by phagocytosis. |
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| made of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting usually when stimulated by nerve signals. |
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| large numbers of contracting units that are arranged in parallel within the cytoplasm of muscle fibers. Made of the proteins actin and myosin. |
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| senses stimuli and transmits signals of nerve impulses from one part of animal to another. |
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| (birds and mammals) their bodies are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism, and body temperature is maintained within a narrow range. |
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Definition
| (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates) gain their heat mostly from external sources. |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress. |
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| Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) |
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Definition
| metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature. |
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Definition
| "steady state" or internal balance; physical state of body |
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Definition
| an animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in external fluctuation. |
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| Three functional components of a Homeostatic control system |
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Definition
| A receptor, a control center, and an effector. |
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Definition
| a change in some variable that trigers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change. |
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| a change in the variable being measured triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction. |
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| process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range. |
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