Term
| cell theory states 5 things what are they |
|
Definition
organisms are composed of cells
-cells are smallest functional structure of organisms
-all cells come from preexisting cells
- cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of cells |
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Definition
| procraytic (before the nuclues) and eucraytic cells (true nucleus) |
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Term
| what does a procratyic cell do |
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Definition
| form the bacteria and simple forms of life have no nucleus |
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Term
| what does a eucraytic cell do |
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Definition
| form the bodies of protists, plants, animals, an fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| a membrane bound sub unit within a cell that has a specific function |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound organelle that contains genetic material |
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Term
| what is the size range of cells |
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Definition
| 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer |
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Term
| plasma membrane in cell size |
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Definition
| is large to exchange material |
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Term
| what are cells 5 basic functions |
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Definition
-eliminate waste
-obtain energy
-synthesizing biological molecules
-reproduction
-interacting with other cells and the enviroment |
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Term
| 4 plasma membrane cell features |
|
Definition
-enclose the cell
-regulate in/out flow
-allows interaction between the cell and the enviroment
- made up of phosolipids and cholesterol and proteins
- |
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Term
| what is plasma membrane made up of |
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Definition
| phosolipids, cholesterol, proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluids and structures that lie within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid and is a genetic blueprint |
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Term
|
Definition
| copies the blueprint and guides construction of proteins |
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Term
Diffusion
(review in book) |
|
Definition
| Process by which wastes and nutrients move in or out of the cell |
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Term
| what are three basic shapes of bacteria |
|
Definition
-Spherical coccus,
– Rod-shaped bacillus,
– Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible). |
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Term
| what does the cell envelope include and what are each funtions |
|
Definition
– Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral protein
– Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell |
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Term
| 90 % of the cells in your body are from other species |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells are predominantly in your gut |
|
Definition
– Prokaryotes
– Eukaryotes |
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Term
| Microbes comprise ----- of human feces and human body weight as a whole (percentage/ #) |
|
Definition
Microbes comprise 40-60% of the dry weight of human
feces
• Approximately 3 lbs of your body weight |
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Term
|
Definition
| – A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| – Scientists and physicians can have been described as “microbial wildlife managers” |
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Term
| Prokaryotes 2 types food source |
|
Definition
• autotrophic
• heterotrophic |
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Term
| Prokaroyotes 2 types Oxygen tolerance |
|
Definition
• Anaerobic (facultive and obligate)
• Aerobic |
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|
Term
Prokaryotic Reproduction
Binary Fission 3 steps |
|
Definition
1. DNA replicates
2. Cell elongates, DNA material is pulled to opposite
sides of the cell
3. When cell is approximately twice its original
length, the plasma membrane grows inward and
a cell wall forms between the two cells |
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|
Term
| In addition to Binary Fission, Bacteria can do three things what are they |
|
Definition
– Pass DNA to another cell through sex pilus
– Release fragments of DNA that are picked up by
bacteria
– Have their genomes carried from one bacterial cell
to another by viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
| when conditions become unfavorable |
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Term
| Endospores what are their makeup |
|
Definition
| DNA and a portion of cytoplasm encased in the cell walls |
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|
Term
| Endospores resistant to 3 things? |
|
Definition
– Temperature extremes
– Drying
– Harsh chemicals |
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|
Term
| Mutation of procrayotes and the formula what is it measured in ? |
|
Definition
Mutation = major source of variation in prokaryotes
• High mutation rate + High reproductive rate = variation
Prokaryotes can adapt overnight to changes in their
surroundings |
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|
Term
| Large Intestine ph and function |
|
Definition
Large Intestine
• pH 7
• Absorption of
water
• Vitamin B12 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Stomach:
• pH 2
• Breakdown
of protein |
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|
Term
| Small Intestine PH and function |
|
Definition
Small Intestine
• pH 4-5
• Absorption of
monosaccarides,
amino acids,
fatty acids |
|
|
Term
Stomach:
cells/gram
3 bacteria |
|
Definition
101 cells/gram
Lactobacillus
Veillonella
Helicobacter |
|
|
Term
Small intestine cells/gram
3 bacteria |
|
Definition
Small Intestine
103
to 107cells/gram
Streptococcaceae
Actinobacteria
Actinomycinaeae
Corynebacteriaceae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Most are strict anaerobes (“without oxygen”)
• The gut probably contains 500 to 1,000
species |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What we know about C. difficile 3 things and
• Optimum temp
• Optimum pH range |
|
Definition
• Anaerobic - without oxygen
• Bacillus
• Endospores
– Able to persist in the environment for extended
periods of time
temp– 98.6F
ph- 6.5-7.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two toxins associated with and The toxins attack
intestinal wall and
can result in C.
difficile colitis |
|
|
Term
| C. difficile in hospitals |
|
Definition
• Two strains in particular are resistant to most
antibiotics
• Antibiotics that still seem to work:
– Metronidazol
– Vancomycin
• 25% relapse rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Protists
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
– Specialized organelles
– Plasma membrane
– Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells
– Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 2 things they do |
|
Definition
| 1. Perform specific functions 2. Isolate reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These organelles communicate via
membrane channels
small membrane bound vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane system 4 parts in an eukratic cell |
|
Definition
•Nucleus
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Golgi Apparatus
•Lysosomes
•(Vacuoles) |
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|
Term
| Energy related eukaratic cell function and their 3 parts |
|
Definition
These organelles are basically independent & self-sufficient
•Mitochondria
•Chloroplasts
•(Plastids) |
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane system: Nucleus 3 things |
|
Definition
command center
usually near center
•Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
–Consists of double layer of membrane
–Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane system: Nucleus contains |
|
Definition
Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
–Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins (Histones)
–Condenses to form chromosomes
•Chromosomes are formed during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a dense structure in the nucleus
–Synthesize ribosome RNA (rRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane System: The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
1.A system of membrane channels and flattened vesicles
2.Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–No ribosomes
–Synthesis of lipids
–Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
–Forms transport vesicles
9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
–Protein anabolism
•Synthesizes proteins
•Modifies and processes proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Site of protein synthesis in the cell
–Composed of rRNA and protein
–May be located:
•On the rough ER
•Free in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane System: Golgi |
|
Definition
Golgi
–Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
–Modifies proteins and lipids
–Repackages them in vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane-bound vesicles
•Produced by Golgi
•Contain digestive enzymes
•Acidic (pH of less than 7)
•Purpose –
–Digest large molecules
–Recycle cellular debris
–Not in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only found in plants and some protists
•Membrane bound sacs - larger than vesicles
–Store excess materials
–Some vacuoles are very specialized
•(example contractile vacuole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in plant cells
•Sometimes 90% volume of some cells
•Storage function:
•H2O
•Nutrients
•Pigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exocytosis and endocytosis including phagocytosis in macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of large molecules such as proteins or polysacciarides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein sorting, modification and packaging for secretion |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
Translation and folding of proteins
•Ribosomes - Protein synthesis (tRNA->Protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell signaling center and DNA container, controls cell functions such as synthesis and cell replication |
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|
Term
| Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria |
|
Definition
•Involved in cellular respiration
•Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell
•All eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts |
|
Definition
Site of photosynthesis
•Found in plants, algae, and certain bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Energy Related Organelles: Plastids |
|
Definition
Found in plants and some protists
•Storage of pigments & starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Maintains cell shape
•Assists in movement of cell and organelles
•Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
•Three types of fibers
–Microfilament
–Intermediate Filaments
–Microtubules
•Assemble and disassemble as needed |
|
|
Term
| he Cytoskeleton 3 types of fibers. |
|
Definition
–Microfilament
–Intermediate Filaments
–Microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microfilaments = rods of actin
•Extremely thin filaments like twisted pearl necklace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Intracellular traffic control
–For moving stuff around within cell
•“Zip lines”
–Cytoplasmic streaming
–Amoeba cell movement
–Muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intermediate in size between microfilaments and microtubules
•Rope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptides
•Functions:
–Support nuclear envelope
–Cell-cell junctions, like those holding skin cells tightly together |
|
|
Term
| Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and Flagella |
|
Definition
•Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in cell movement
•In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
28
Flagella move like propellers cilia move like oars |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Cell Membrane |
|
Definition
•Isolation of cell contents
• Regulation of exchange across
membrane
• Regulation of biochemical reactions
• Cell-cell communication
• Cell-cell attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Polar, hydrophilic head
– 2 nonpolar, hydrophobic tails |
|
|
Term
| Which drawing illustrates the most likely placement of cholesterol in a phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between membrane structure and function |
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions drive phospholipids into bilayers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecules & very small molecules
–Can pass through membrane unassisted
•Water
•Oxygen
•CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Water-soluble (hydrophilic) |
|
Definition
–Can’t make it through membrane unassisted
•Salts
•Amino acids
•Sugars |
|
|
Term
| 5 major types of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
1.Enzymes
2.Receptor Proteins
3.Recognition Proteins
4.Connection Proteins
5.Transport Proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random motion of molecules = net movement from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration |
|
|
Term
| Molecules in Fluids Diffuse in Response to Gradients:Concentration |
|
Definition
| •The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent |
|
|
Term
| Molecules in Fluids Diffuse in Response to Gradients:Gradient |
|
Definition
| Physical difference between two particular substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Simple diffusion
2.Facilitated diffusion
3.Osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substances move down their concentration gradients across a membrane
–H2O
–O2
–CO2
–Lipid soluble molecules
•Vitamin A
•Vitamin D
•Vitamin E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Channel proteins
–Aquaporins (example)
•Small size
•(+) charges attract the (-) pole of water molecules make
•Selective for H2Omolecules
•Carrier transport proteins
–Sugars and
–Amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•equal concentrations of H2O and dissolved substances
•No NET water movement occurs across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Higher solute concentration
•Water moves across a membrane toward the hypertonic solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Lower solute concentration
•Water moves across a membrane away from the hypotonic solution |
|
|
Term
| The Effects of Osmosis on Plants |
|
Definition
Flow of water from the cytoplasm of plants into their central vacuole
–Water flows into plant cytoplasm because it is more concentrated than the extracellular fluid
–Water flows into the vacuole because its contents are more concentrated than the cytoplasm
–Water pressure within the vacuole is called turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
| Transport across the cell membrane that requires the expenditure of energy 3 |
|
Definition
1.Active transport
2.Endocytosis
3.Exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Membrane proteins
•Move molecules or ions against concentration gradients
•Span the entire membrane
•Molecule binding site + ATP binding site
•“pumps” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Engulfment of particles or fluids
–The engulfed particles are transported within the cell inside vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moves bulk material out of the cell
–Undigested particles of waste
–Substances made for export from cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism living at the equator has more saturated phospholipids in its cell membranes than an organism living at the South Pole. Why? |
|
Definition
| In cold climates, more unsaturated fats with kinked tails are needed to maintain the fluidity of the cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| A semipermeable membrane separates two solutions, permitting water, but not larger molecules, to pass. Side A contains a 20% sugar solution. Side B contains a 40% sugar solution. |
|
Definition
| C.Side A will be isotonic to side B. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of energy to an object, causing that object to move. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Energy of movement
–Objects actively in motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Radiant energy
–Thermal energy
–Electrical energy
–Motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Energy cannot be created nor destroyed by ordinary processes.
•“Law of conservation of energy”
•Suggests that energy is in a “closed system”.
•Total amount before and after a process will be the same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of USEFUL energy decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a process that forms or breaks chemical bonds that hold molecules together.
•Reactants & Products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A reaction that releases energy
–some always released as heat,
–eg. Fuel combustion, burning sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reaction that requires the input of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of glucose is the source of energy for most organisms. |
|
|
Term
| Glucose cannot be used directly in endergonicprocesses TorF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It must be converted into energy transport molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate
•Composed of adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups.
•“Energy currency” of cells
•Fuels many endergonicreactions.
•Made from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
•Used quickly and recycled quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During photosynthesis some light energy is transferred to electrons which are carried by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High energy electrons are donated to other----- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speed of a reaction is determined by its |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that speed up the rate of a reaction without being altered themselves |
|
|
Term
Reduce the activation energy.
–(Consider catalytic converters)
–Enzymes are biological catalysts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that promotes the breakdown of ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Proteins
•Biological catalysts
•Work for specific reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Why are enzymes specific? |
|
Definition
The unique shapes of enzymes are what make them specific to certain reactions.
•Shape is determined by the amino acid sequence.
•Active site:Pocket that reactive molecules called “substrates”can enter.
•So…only certain substrates can enter. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect enzyme activity |
|
Definition
1.Temperature
2.Enzyme and substrate concentration
3.pH
4.Salt concentration
5.Cofactors
Vitamins… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein digestion
Produced in the stomach
Optimal pH is 2
Substrate of Pepsin =
polypeptide chains of amino acids
End product of reaction =
small polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Cells regulate enzyme synthesis |
|
Definition
Genes that code for specific proteins are turned on and off according to metabolic need
An increase in substrate can trigger increased enzyme production, leading to decreased substrate levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interfere with enzyme
Take the place of a substrate in the active site |
|
|
Term
| Noncompetitive inhibitors |
|
Definition
| alter an enzyme’s function by changing its shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all the chemical reactions inside a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Initial reactant molecule –
modified by an enzyme
Becomes intermediate molecule
intermediate molecule is modified by another enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction rates increase as substrate or enzyme levels increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulates enzyme availability
Genes that code for specific proteins are turned on and off according to metabolic need
An increase in substrate can trigger increased enzyme production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Negative feedback type of allosteric inhibition
causes a metabolic pathway to stop producing its product when quantities reach an optimum level
An enzyme near the beginning of a metabolic pathway is inhibited allosterically by the end product of the pathway |
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