Term
| Definition: Catabolism and Anabolism |
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Definition
Catabolism: breaks down complicated molecules to release energy
Anabolism: builds complicated molecules, requires energy |
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Term
| The Anabolism of Histidine |
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Definition
10 steps from ammonia and glycerol derivative
Histidine is its own noncompetitive inhibitor
Negative feedback at first step saves energy
ADP also inhibits, as more ATP is changed to ADP, it binds to first enzyme and inhibits |
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Term
| The Anabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan |
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Definition
All made by the same pathway
PEP>A>B>chorismate
(from chorismate) --> C>D>Phe>Tyr
(also from chorismate) --> E>F>Trp
Can't inhibit Trp at first enzyme, would then stop making Phe and Tyr
Can inhibit first enzyme after chorismate
Each amino acid also weakly inhibits the first enzyme (though not completely) |
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Term
| Major catabolic processes (and equation) |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
1. Glycolysis - net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, takes 10 steps to convert glucose to 2 pyruvates
2. Citric Acid Cycle - net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2; converts 2 pyruvate to 6CO2
3. Electron Transport Chain - electron transport + oxidative phosphorylation converts 6CO2 to 34 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Oxidized form = NAD+
Reduced form = NADH |
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Term
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Definition
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Oxidized form = FAD+
Reduced form = FADH2 |
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Term
| Definition: Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
Uses NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions against gradient
The concentration of H+ gradient pushes the ions back into the cell through ATP synthase which produces ATP |
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Term
| Microbial diversity of the ETC |
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Definition
Carbon sources:
Autotroph=uses CO2 (plants)
Heterotroph=uses C from other compounds (humans)
Energy Source:
Phototroph=uses light (plants)
Chemotroph=uses oxidation (humans)
Electron source:
Lithotroph=inorganic (plants)
Organotroph=organic (humans) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Electrons flow to acceptors
2. Protons pump out of cells, make proton gradient
3. ATP synthase allows protons to flow back into cell
4. ATP is made |
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Term
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Definition
1. NADH moves two electrons to NDH-1 (4 protons move to periplasm)
2. NDH-1 moves two electrons to quinone (2 protons moved to periplasm)
3. Quinone moves two electrons to cytochrome bo
4. Cytochrome bo moves two electrons to oxygen |
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Term
| Steps of ETC in mitochondria |
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Definition
1. Complex 1 passes e's from NADH to coenzyme Q (4 H+ moved)
2. E's move from coenzyme Q to complex III
3. E's move from complex III to cytochrome c (4 H+'s moved)
4. e's move from cytochrome c to Complex IV (2 H+'s moved)
5. e's move from Complex IV to Oxygen --> makes water |
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Term
| Photosynthesis in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria |
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Definition
Uses bacteriochlorophyll P870 - infrared, therefore less energy
Does NOT produce water from oxygen
P870 is an e- donor and acceptor on Photosystem II |
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Term
| Photosynthesis steps of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria |
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Definition
1. Light excites an e- to Photosystem II
2. 2 e-'s are donated to quinone, takes 2H+'s with it
3. Quinone becomes quinol
4. e-'s move to cytochrome bc with 2 H+'s
5. e-'s move to cytochrome c
6. e-'s return to Photosystem II
This is a CYCLIC process. |
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Term
| Photosynthesis Steps of Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
Uses Photosystem II (P680) and Photosystem I (P700)
These are higher energy than Purple photosynthetic bacteria, therefore CAN make water from oxygen
1. 4 photons excite 4 e-'s from 2 H2Os
2. e-'s moved to 2 quinones (becomes quinol)
3. e-'s move to cytochrome bf
4. Plastocyanin moves e-'s to Photosystem I
5. Light excites the e-'s which move to NADP+ and ferredoxin |
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Term
| Cost of the Dark/Calvin cycle in Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
To make one glucose:
6 CO2
18 ATP
12 NADPH |
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Term
| Where do glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain take place in a cell? |
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Definition
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle takes place in the inner matrix of mitochondria
ETC takes place in the membrane of mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
Costs 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
Total of 10 steps (first 5 are energy activating, last 5 are energy harvesting)
1. Glucose activated with ATP
2. Glucose split in half
3. Remaining halves are oxidized |
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Term
| 10 steps of Glycolysis with products |
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Definition
1. Hexokinase adds a phosphate from ATP (Cost: -1 ATP)
2. Glucose isomerases and moves a C-O bond
3. Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates (Cost: -1 ATP)
4. Aldolast splits the molecule into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone-3-Phosphate
5. Triosephosphate isomerases, now two of the same molecule
6. G3P-Dehyrogenase oxidizes the 1-Carbon (Product: +2 NADH)
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase removes a phosphate and adds it to ADP (Product: +2 ATP)
8. Phosphoglyceromutase moves remaining phosphate to middle C
9. Enolase removes water (Product: +2 H2O)
10. Pyruvate kinase removes a phosphate and adds it to ADP (Products: +2 ATP, +2 pyruvate) |
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Term
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Definition
OH
[
C=O
[
C=O
[
H-C-H
[
H |
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