Term
| The structure of Gram negative bacteria: |
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Definition
4 amino acids in cross bridge
Thin cell walls
Thick periplasm
Has an outer membrane with some proteins not found in Gram positive bacteria |
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Term
| 2 molecules only found in Gram negative bacteria: |
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Definition
Lipoproteins: hold outer membrane to cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Lipo=lipids, poly=many, saccharide=sugar |
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Term
| The differences between Gram + and Gram - bacteria (5) |
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Definition
1. Gram + have 9 amino acids in peptide crossbridge, Gram - have 4
2. Gram +'s have thick cell wall, Gram -'s have thin cell wall
3. +'s have thin periplasm and -'s have thick periplasm
4. +'s have no outer membrane, -'s have an outer membrane
5. +'s have Teichoic acid, -'s have lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides |
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Term
| The structure of a lipopolysaccharide: |
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Definition
1. Begins with the O-polysaccharide or O-antigen; made of 40 units, helps to adhere to surfaces, extremely variable between bacteria
2. Middle section is the core polysaccharide; 10 sugars, mostly uniform across Gram- bacteria, strange 7 to 8 carbon sugars
3. Lipid A molecule: made of glucosamine phosphate dimer and fatty acid chains, dissacharide of phosphorylated N-Acetylglucosamine, attached to four fatty acids, can cause endotoxic shock (overstimulates immune system if released) |
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Term
| Differences of Archaea (compared to Bacteria) |
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Definition
1. Archaea have ether linkages instead of ester linkages in lipid bilayer
2. Short methyl groups branching off
3. Can form isoprenoid (an early precursor of cholesterol, not found in prokaryotes)
4. Can form lipid single layer membranes (Bacteria must have lipid bilayer)
5. Have pseudopeptidoglycan to make cell walls instead of peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pseudopeptidoglycan - NAM is replaced with a different sugar; sugars are linked at 1-3 carbons instead of 1-4 carbons
2. Cell wall can be made entirely of protein or can have no cell wall
3. Larger ribosomes that resemble eukaryotes |
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Term
| Similarities between the 3 domains of life: |
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Definition
All have:
1. Cell membranes
2. Macromolecules
3. DNA |
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Term
| Differences of Eukaryotes: |
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Definition
10x bigger than other cells
Specialize in separation of biochemical processes
Multicellular eukaryotes further specialize - cells can perform specific functions |
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Term
| Eukaryotic plasma membrane: |
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Definition
Made of phospholipids
Fatty acids and phosphate attached to glycerol
Fatty acids are unsaturated
Has cholesterol - hydrophobic with polar tip (gives stability to phospholipid membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin
Plants have cellulose cell walls made of Beta glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Made of actin (7nm) and tibulin (25nm - hollow tube)
Microtubules make flagella more flexible than bacteria; they whip instead of rotate
Cilia: shorter, move in unison to propel |
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Term
| Endosymbiosis Association and the Endosymbiont Theory |
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Definition
Endosymbiosis: when one organism lives in another
1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit
2. Parasitism: One harmed, one benefits
3. Commensalism: One benefits, other isn't affected
4. Competition: both harmed
Endosymbiont Theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free living bacteria but were engulfed by cell and became organisms; proof=mitochondria have inner and outer membrane and its own DNA on circular chromosome |
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Term
| Free Energy (delta G) and types of systems: |
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Definition
Free Energy: energy that can be used to do work
Unstable systems: change spontaneously, lots of free energy, more orderly
Stable systems: Unlikely to change spontaneously, little free energy, less orderly
Some occur spontaneously but require activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
Protein that acts like a catalyst
Regenerated at end of a reaction
Very specific for certain reactions
Can increase rate by thousands or millions |
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Term
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Definition
Reversible reaction
For each mole of ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, -30.5 kJ/mol of free energy released |
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Term
| Definition of Inhibition: |
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Definition
Stops enzyme function (some antibiotics function this way)
Helps organisms regulate reactions
Types:
1. Competitive: inhibitor and substrate compete for active site
2. Noncompetitive: binds to enzyme at spot other than active site, inactivates
3. Uncompetitive: binds to enzyme-substrate complex (not as common) |
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