Term
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Definition
| the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structures that contain most of the organism's DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Generally resemble their parents more closely than they resemble unrelated individuals of the species
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction of cells. In asexual, allows reproduction. In sexual, allows development, growth, and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell division by which prokaryotes (bacteria and achaea) reproduce. "Dividing in half". |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generaton to the adults of the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of genetic information |
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Term
| Binary fission in a prokaryote |
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Definition
- chromosomes duplicate and move to the other side of the cell
- cell elongates, chromosome duplcation continues
- chromosome duplication is complete, cell is 2x its initial size, plasma membrane grows inward and divides into 2 daughter cell
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Term
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Definition
| A diffuse mass of long, thin fibers, which is a combination of DNA and protein molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 copies of a chromosome which contains copies of the DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 chromatids that joined together especially tightly at a narrow "waist". |
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Term
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Definition
| An ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent to its own division into 2 cells. |
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Term
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Definition
The time when a cell's metabolic activity is very high and the cell performs its various funstion within the organism. There's a high supply of proteins, growth in size, last for about 90% of time during cell cycle. |
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Term
| The three subphases of Interphase |
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Definition
- G1 phase
- S phase
- G2 phase
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Term
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Definition
| First subphase of interphase in which cell grows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second subphase of Interphase in which each chromosome begins with each chromosome being single, then it's duplicated and consists of sister chromatids (synthesis of DNA). |
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Term
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Definition
| Third subphase of Interphase in which cell grows as it completes preparation for cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides. This accounts for 10% of cell cycle. |
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Term
| 2 stages of mitotic phase |
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Definition
- mitosis
- Cytokinesis
A combination of the two makes 2 genetically indentical daughter chromosomes. Each daughter cell can move into G1 and repeat cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleus and its contents, including the duplicated chromosomes, divide and evenly distributed to formed 2 daughter nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cytoplasm divides in two |
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Term
| The five stages of Mitosis |
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Definition
- Prephase
- Prometaphase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
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Term
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Definition
| A football-shape structure that guides the separation of 2 sets of daughter chromosomes in animals cells that contain centrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clouds of cytoplasmic material in animal cells that contain centrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
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Term
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Definition
| The changes occur in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromatid fibers coil tightly and fold, forming discrete chromosomes; nucleoi disappear; duplicated chromosomes appear as 2 sister chromatid joined together. |
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Term
| Prophase within cytoplasm |
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Definition
| The mitotic spindles form as microtubules grow to form centrosomes. Then they move away from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleus envelope breaks into fragments and disappears. The microtubules from the ends of centrosomes reach chromosome. Each sister chromatid has a kinetochore that chromosome into motion. Other spindle micotubule make other one by coming from opposite end and forces chromosomes into center of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mitotic spindle is fully formed and centrosomes (poles) are at each end. All chromosomes convene on metaphase plate. Kinechores of the sister chromatids force opposite poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary plane between both poles of spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 centromeres of each chromosome come apart and separate sister chromatids, which turns it into a daughter chromosome. Kinechores move daughter chromosome centromere along microtubule toward opposite of cell. Cells elongate and poles move apart because there's a collection of chromosomes at each end. |
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Term
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Definition
Reverse of prophase.
Cell elongation continues. Daughter nuclei appear at two poles of cell as nuclear envelope form around the chromosomes. The chromatid fibers uncoil; nucleoi reappears and mitotic spindle disappear. |
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Term
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Definition
Division of cytoplasm.
This usually occurs during telophase. 2 daughter cells separate at the end of mitosis.
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Term
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Definition
| process in animal cells where cytokinesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shallow groove in the cell surface. Cytoplasm has a ring of actin microfilaments |
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Term
| Characteristics of cancer cells |
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Definition
- Cells don't respond normally to cycle control system
- Cells divide excessively.
- Invade other tissues of the body
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally growing mass of body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A lump of abnormal cells that remain at their original site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor that can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body. They secrete signal molecules that cause vessels to grow toward the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system beyond the original site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancers that originate on the external or internal coverings of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancers that arise in tissue that support the body, such as bone and muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancers that are blood-forming tissue, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A typical body cell that has 46 chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 chromosomes composing a pair, each carrying genes that control the same inherited characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paricular place on a one chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome that determine on individual's sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The other 22 pairs of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any cell with 2 homologus sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Single cell with a single set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms. After duplication of chromosomes there is meiosis I and meiosis II. It's need for sexual reproduction and yields 4 haploid cells from 2 nuclear divisions. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Interphase
- Prophase I
- Metaphase I
- Anaphase I
- Telophase I and Cytokinesis
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of Meiosis in which chromosomes consist of 2 genetically indentical sister chromatids attached together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage of Meiosis that accounts for 90% of meiotic cell division. Chromatid coils up and synapses occurs, which results in a tetrad. Chromosome condense as nucleoli disappears. Spindles start to form, nuclear envelope breaks, and tetrads move into the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes tetrads are aligned on metaphase plate. Chromosome is condensed and thick, spindle microtubule are attached to kinechores at centromere. Homologus chromosomes of each terad are poised to move toward poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fourth stage of meiosis in which migration of chromosome toward the 2 poles of the cell and tetrads split up. |
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Term
| Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Definition
| Fifth stage of meiosis in which chromosome arrive at the ples of cell. Each pole has a haploid chromosome which consist of 2 sister chromatids. |
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Term
| The 4 stages of Meiosis II |
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Definition
- Prophase II
- Metaphase II
- Anaphase II
- Telophase II
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage of Meiosis II in which spindle forms and moves the chromosome toward the middle of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage in Meiosis II in which chromosomes align on metaphase plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third stage of Meiosis II in which centromeres of sister chromatids finally separate, then move to opposite poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth stage of Meiosis II in which the nuclei forms at cell poles. Cytokinesis occurs and results in 4 daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologus chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place where 2 homologus chromatids attach to each other, which starts in early prophase I of meiosis. |
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Term
| How crossing over leads to genetic recombination |
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Definition
- DNA molecule of 2 sister chromatids break at the same place.
- 2 broken chromatids come together in a new way, which creates a hybrid of combinations between maternal and paternal genes
- Homologus chromosomes separate at Anaphase I
- Meiosis II - sister chromatids separate and go to different gamete.
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Term
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Definition
| The production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes in pairs, starting with the longest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three 21 chromosomes, total of 47 chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Extra copy of chromosome 21. Characteristics include round face, heart defect, shorter life span.
Happens to 1 in 2,000 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occasional mishap in which the members of a chromosome pair fail to separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fragment of a chromosome that is lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fragment from one chromosome that joins to a sister chromatid or homologus chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heritable feature that caries among individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each variant for a character. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offspring of two different varieties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross- fertilization itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| True-breeding parental plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parent plants only differ in one character. 3:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
- Alernative version of genes that account for variations inherited characters, which means ALLELES
- for each character, an organism inherits 2 alleles; one from each parent.
- The 2 alleles of an individual pair
- Law of segregation
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that has 2 identical alleles for a gene. |
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Term
| Heterozygote (Heterozygous) |
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Definition
| An organism that has two different alleles for a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| An allele that displays in the organism's appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A allele that has no noticible effect on the organism's appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel's law that states, when a sperm and egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism's expressed, or physical traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism's genetc make-up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating of parental varieties differing in 2 characteristics. |
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Term
| Law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Law that states, each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mating between an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the probabilites of the different ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dominant allele had the same phenotype effect whether present in one on two copies. |
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Term
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Definition
The reappearance of F1 hybrids that falls between the phenotypes of the 2 parental variables.
1:2:1 in F1 generation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that influence multiple characters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic. |
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Term
| Chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| Genes occupy specific loci on chromosomes and its chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. This doesn't follow Mendel's law of independent assortment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of recombinants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene on a sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria eaters, "phages". |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 components of nucleotides |
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Definition
- Nitrogenous base
- Sugar Base
- Phosphate
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The repeating pattern of sugar–phosphate–sugar–phosphate. |
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Term
| Why is sugar in DNA a deoxyribose? |
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Definition
| The sugar in DNA is missing an -OH group. |
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Term
| Why is sugar in RNA a ribose? |
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Definition
| The sugar in RNA isn't missing an -OH group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double-ringed base that includes Adenine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-ringed base that includes Thymine and Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of 2 strands |
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Term
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Definition
| A model for DNA replication that has half of the parental molecule conserved in each daughter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special sets at which replication of a DNA molecule begins. |
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Term
| Where do sugar's 3' carbon atom attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do sugar's 5' carbon atom attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that links pieces together into single DNA strand. |
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Term
| Theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| The theory that states, if you acquire a characteristic in your lifetime, then it will be passed on to you offspring. (DISPROVEN). |
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Term
| Punctuated equilibria vs. gradualism |
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Definition
| Everything goes along steady, then a big change, then back to going along steady VS. changes occur really slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal groups that look similar, but compared to one another they're different. |
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Term
| What is the molecular connection between genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
| The DNA inherited by an organism specifies traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of the information in the RNA into a protein. |
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Term
| Gene-one enzyme hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that states, the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme. |
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Term
| Gene-one polypeptide hypothesis |
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Definition
| A hypothesis that states, the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a all proteins. |
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Term
| What is the bridge between DNA nd protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of codons |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-base words that result in amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of rules giving the correspondence between codons in RNA and amino acids in proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotide sequence that signals the start of transcription. It has specific binding sites for RNA polymerase and determines which of the 2 strands of DNA is used as a template in transcription. |
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Term
| 3 stages of Transcription phase |
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Definition
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of Transcription phase in which RNA polymerase attaches to promotor, and is start of RNA synthesis. mRNA molecule binds to small ribosomal subunit. Large ribosomal subunit binds to smaller ribosomal subunit, which makes functional ribosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage of Transcription phase in which RNA strands separate from DNA strand in order for the other DNA strand to come together in the region already transcribed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 3rd and last stage of Transcription in which RNA polymerase reaches terminator (which is the sequence of bases in DNA template) and signals the end of gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The kind of RNA that encodes amino acid sequences, which conveys genetic information from DNA to translation machinery of cell. |
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Term
| Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Transcription and translation occurs in nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of a gene that are expressed as amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal noncoding regions; intervening sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A special type of RNA that the cell employs as a molecular interpreter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special triplet of bases that is complementary to codon triplet on mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles in cytoplasm that coordinate the function of mRNA and tRNA and actually make polypeptides. 1 binding site for mRNA and 2 binding sites for tRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of RNA that makes up for 2 subunits of a ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
- Codon recognition
- Peptide bond formation
- Translocation
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Term
|
Definition
| Anticodon of an tRNA molecule pairs with mRNA codon in site A. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polypeptide separates from tRNA in P site and attaches to tRNA in A site. |
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Term
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Definition
| P site tRNA leaves ribosome, A site tRNA moves into P site and leaves A site vacant. Stop codon in A site stops elongation and terminates stage of translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The replacement of one nucleotide with another. |
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Term
| Base insertions and deletions |
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Definition
| Adding or subtracting nucleotides that may alter the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Errors that occur during DNA replication or recombination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutagen that comes from a physical or chemical agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycle that results with breaking open of host cells and releasing produced viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycle in which viral DNA replication occurs without destroying the host cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
- RNA enters cytoplasm
- Enzyme removes protein coating
- Virus enzyme makes complementary strands
- Uses new strands to make new viral proteins
- Serve as synthesizes new viral genome.
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Term
|
Definition
| Virus that appear suddenly or are new to medical scientists. |
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|
Term
| 3 processes that help an emerge virus disease |
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Definition
- Mutations
- Contact between species
- Spread from isolated populations
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesize of RNA on an RNA template and causes retroviruses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes reverse transcription |
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Term
| Reproduction of Retrovirus |
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Definition
- Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to create DNA
- Add a 2nd complementary DNA strand
- Double-strand DNA enters cell nucleus and inserts into DNA chromosome and create a provirus.
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Term
|
Definition
| Small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Divide by replication of bacterial chromosomes and then binary fission. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environemt |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of bacterial genes by a phage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of bacterial genes by a phage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The physical union of cells and the DNA transfe between them. The "male" cell attaches to "female" cell |
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