Term
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Definition
Produces four cells that have half as much genetic information as the parent cell
oReduce the amount of DNA in cells by 50%
46 chromosomes in cells. Arranged into 23 pairs |
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Definition
•Where DNA is stored
•Red blood cells do not have nuclei |
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Definition
Bound by a single membrane.
Cleans up cell.
Breaks down fats. |
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Definition
| Cell destruction; digest cell from inside out. |
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Definition
Programmed cell death.
Ex: destruction of webbed fingers. |
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Definition
| Detoxify harmful substances in body that are water insoluble |
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Definition
Modifies things from endoplasmic reticulum and sends them out of cell
Ex: Adrenaline |
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Definition
•Cell’s skeleton made out of protein.
•Allows movement within cell |
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Definition
•Two membranes; one outside, one inside.
•Generates cell’s ATP
•Membrane squished together- called “cristae” |
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts come from... |
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Definition
•Proteobacteria:Gram negative- doesn’t retain violet dye from microscope
•2 billion years ago- Idea of ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY- that mitochondria came from prokaryotic organism
•They have their own ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| broken down into mitosis and meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces two cells identical to the original parent cell |
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Definition
•Holds genetic information that are passed to offspring
•Gene resides on stretch on DNA
•Recipes to make a certain type of protein
•Decides what we look like
•Gene cells turned on or off depending on location(function)
•Changes in sequence of nucleotide change the information (mutation). Humans have approximately 175 new mutations every generation.
•Sickle-cell anemia is beneficial to people in areas where malaria is high, therefore the mutation of malaria is positive |
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Definition
•Lead by mutations. Accumulation of mutations leads to changes in organisms over time.
•Mutations are random. Natural Selection is not. |
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Term
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Definition
•Natural Selection
•Clam story: attached to duck and that is how they are mobile |
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Term
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Definition
Evolution.
Pea plants.
Figurehead of the science of genetics |
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Term
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Definition
•Organisms outproduce their environment
•Excess individuals compete for limited resources
•The individual that can produce the most eggs/offspring is going to leave the largest generational impact
•Amongst all of the offspring, there is variation due to heredity.
•Subsequent generations slightly more suited for their environment
•Bulldogs are an example of how much things change- used to be able to herd cattle; now they are like “walking watermelons” |
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Term
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Definition
•Six arches; five pouches
•One arch (fifth) and one pouch (fifth) degenerate in humans |
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Term
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Definition
•Arch 1 forms lower jaw and two ear bones: incus and malieus
•Arch 2- Reunites cartilage, holds up larynx
•Arch 3- thin horseshoe shaped bone. Hyoid holds larynx up |
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Term
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Definition
•First pouch
Auditory tube, middle ear, eardrum
•Second pouch
Can pinch of an form clusters of cells- Tonsils
•Third Pouch
Thymus, parathyroid gland
•Fourth pouch
Parathyroid and thyroid glands
•Fifth pouch
Degenerates
•First arch
Chewing muscles and jaw bones
•Second arch
Facial muscles and hyoid bone
•Third arch
Hyoid bone, carotid artery
•Fourth arch
Larnyx, Vagus Nerve
•Fifth arch
Degenerates
•Sixth arch
Larnyx, trachea, Vagus nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Goldenhar syndrome- one side of the face and the head don’t develop fully. Weird, asymmetrical shaped head.
Dumbo rats- |
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Term
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Definition
•feature humans have that no longer serve a purpose but once served a purpose in the past
•…in other animals
oSnake legs
•….in humans
oTails (in form of the tail bone- coccyx)
oThird eyelids (nictitating membrane)- called Plica semilunaris in humans. Not vestigial in cats, hawks; actually functional for them.
oEar muscles- Auricularis anterior, superior, posterior
oPalmaris longus muscle(small muscle in forearm)
oMuscle under clavicle used for walking on all fours |
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Term
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Definition
•Features which most people don’t have but pop up occasionally in individuals. Mutation in gene that turns gene back on; when feature comes back, it comes back in a “half-a**” way.
•Hind flippers in dolphins are an example |
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Term
| Developmental constraints |
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Definition
•Nipples on males- if they try to get rid of nipples on males, it could jeopardize the formation of such in the other sex, where it is detrimental.
•Functional in one sex; not functional in the other
• Poorly designed structures: Recurrent laryngeal nerve- double as long as it needs to be. Humans=2x, Giraffes=20x as long as needs to be. |
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Term
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Definition
•Reproductive Isolation examples: snapping shrimp and Italian wall lizards
•As primates humans trace back 55 million years. As mammals, humans trace back 220 million |
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Term
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Definition
| •Includes humans and apes. |
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Term
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Definition
•Refers to members of the human family only
•Ardipithecus ramidus
oPushes us back 4.4 million years
oEast Africa
•Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)
oLargely irrelevant due to Ardipithecus discovery
oLaetoli Trackway- fossil. Laid down 3 mil years ago in bed of volcanic ash
oDeeper footprints symbolize injury or child-carrying
•Homo sapiens
o200,000 years ago. Only ones left.
•Homo Neandertalensis
oShorter, more robust. Extinct member of homogenous. |
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Term
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Definition
oPolar: Basal and apical face
oAvascular- no blood vessels
oBasement membrane: layer of protein that underlines epithelial tissues and acts like glue
•Noncellular
•Controls movements
oTwo ways to classify
•Single layer= simple
•Stratified= layered |
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Term
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Definition
flattened cells
oSingle:
•Located in air sacs
oStratified:
•Located on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus and vagina
•Provides protection against abrasion, infection and drying out |
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Term
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Definition
•Cubelike cells; roundish
oSimple:
•Located in linings of kidney tubules and glands
•Functions in absorption and secretion
oStratified:
•Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands and salivary glands
•Functions in protection |
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Term
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Definition
-tall, slender cells
oSimple:
•Located in lining of gut and respiratory tract
•Functions in absorption and secretion
oStratified:
•Really rare
•Located in urethra(tube through which urine leaves body)
•Functions in protection and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| o Occurs primarily in bladder. Lines the renal calyces, the ureters, the urinary bladder and a portion of the urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
•Derived from epithelium
•Types
•Endocrine
•Blood
•Exocrine
•Ducts: tube that leads from gland to somewhere else. Ex: Pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
•Biggest group of tissues
•Cells living in extracellular matrix
oFibroblasts: specific cells that make fibers. Made of protein.
•Protein fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
oGround substance: “gel” |
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Term
| Types of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
oProper:
•Loose:
Areolar- found under skin and around organs
Adipose- fat
•Dense
Regular: stretchy ie ligaments, tendons
Irregular: collagen in skin that allows pulling without tearing |
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Term
| Specialized Connective Tissues |
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Definition
•Cartilage- comes from chondrocytes. Avascluar
•Bone- come osteocytes.
•Blood- come from blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
•Hyaline- tough in one direction. Ex: Nose, ends of bones.
•Elastic cartilage- ear cartilage
•Fibrocartilage- extremely tough. Ex: Meniscus, knee, intervertable disc |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile. Allow movement. |
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Term
| Specialized proteins of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Skeletal(Muscle tissue)
•Huge, voluntary
Cardiac(Muscle tissue)
•Involuntary, mononucleate cells, branched
Smooth(Muscle tissue)
•Small, tapered. Involuntary
Nervous Tissue
•Conducts electrical impulses through neurons and neurological cells. |
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Term
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Definition
•Desmosome: adhesion junction. Found in skin & uterus.
•Tight junction: impermeable. Found in digestive lining.
•Gap junction: cytoplasmic connection. Found in heart. Allows seepage. |
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Term
oAnterior/posterior
oDorsal/ventral |
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Definition
•Dorsal= back(spinal side)
•Ventral=belly
•Anterior= front
•Posterior= back |
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Term
oCephalic/caudal
oSuperior/Inferior |
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Definition
•Cephalic= towards the head
•Caudal=towards the tail
•Superior=up- cephalic
•Inferior=down- caudal |
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Term
oLateral/medial
oSuperficial/deep |
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Definition
•Superficial= close to the surface
•Deep= farther from the surface
•Lateral= away from the midline
•Medial=towards the midline |
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Term
oProximal/Distal
oSagittal- left/right |
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Definition
•Proximal= close to the point of attachment
•Distal= far from the point of attachment
•Midsagittal- right down the middle
•Parasagittal- parallel but off to the side; anything not straight through |
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Term
•Frontal/coronal
•Transverse
•Oblique |
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Definition
•Frontal/coronal
Cuts into front and back portion
•Transverse
Cross sections; top/bottom. Run perpendicular to midline(spine)
•Oblique
Diagonal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Thoracic- chest, lungs, heart. Heart is contained in thick layer of tissue called mediastinum.
•Abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
•Cutaneous- covers outer surfaces
•Mucosa- stomach
•Serous- Line cavities that do not open to the outside
•Synovial- Line joint capsules |
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Term
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Definition
•Four layers:
oStratum basale
oStratum spinosum
oStratum granulosum
oStratum Corneum |
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Term
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Definition
•Produced in melanocytes.
•Cells die as you age-> old people don’t get as tan.
•Eyes have increased melanacytes. |
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Term
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Definition
•Answer questions about evolution.
•3 species found on humans- head, pubic, body.
•Gorilla lice and pubic lice split 3.3 mil. years ago |
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Term
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Definition
•Capillaries- touches dermis with “fingers”. Purpose is to get nutrients.
•Nerves
•Reticular layer- Dense, irregular connective tissue.
•Dermal glands |
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Term
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Definition
•Aprocrine (one that stinks)
oArmpit and pubic region
•Eccrine
oPrimary to cool, sweat evaporates
•Sebaceous glands
oSebum-oil
oKeeping skin from losing too much water
•Cerurinous glands
oProduce wax- ears |
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Term
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Definition
•Highly keratinized dead cells
•Colors due to relative mounts of pigments
•Growth cycles: longer cycles=long hair, etc. |
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