Term
| Green algae is split into 2 clades. What are the two and what do they do? |
|
Definition
Chlorophytes- never mad it to land
charophytes- sister to all land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both charophytes and land plants |
|
|
Term
| Innovations of plants moving to land |
|
Definition
- limit water loss and control exchange
- limit damage to DNA by UV light
- transport water through body of plant
-tissues to resist the effects of wind and gravity
- protect and distribute reproductive structures
- life cycles that promote genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of living in water |
|
Definition
-always available and absorbed
- provides support
-reproductive are easily distributed in water
- plants protected from drought by a cuticle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
waxy, doesn't let water pass through substances that reduce water loss due to evaporation .
-it limits exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stoma allows gas to exchange to occur. It is tiny openings on the surface of plant. It can be closed to limit water loss under certain conditions |
|
|
Term
| Why do plants need light for living? |
|
Definition
-visible light drives photosynthesis
- UV light form sun DNA
- absorb pigments that absorb harmful UV light |
|
|
Term
| Land plants shifted toward what type of generations? |
|
Definition
| - dominant diploid generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-multicellular diploid stage
-produces unicellular haploid spore by meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Dipliod spore mother cells(sporophytes) undergo meiosis produces what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - multicellular hapliod stage that produces unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis. They form together to produce a dipliod zygote |
|
|
Term
| Early on ______ ______ was more dominant, recently ______ ______ are most visible stage in life cycle |
|
Definition
| hapliod gametophyte, sporophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closest living things of first land plants |
|
|
Term
| What are the three monophyletic groups? |
|
Definition
| Liverworts, Mosses and Hornworts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-is the phylum hepaticophyta
- flattened gametophytes with liver shaped lobes |
|
|
Term
| reproduction of liverworts |
|
Definition
| - water splashing onto male gametangia can transfer sperm to female gametangia and undergo asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- is the phylum bryophyta
- gametophytes have small leaflike structures around stemlike axis(they are not true leaves)
-lives on rhizords |
|
|
Term
| What does "not true leaves mean"? |
|
Definition
| no vascular tissue and only one cell layer thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular gametangia form at tips of gametophytes |
|
|
Term
| Two types of moss reproductions |
|
Definition
-archegonia - female gametangia, produce single egg
- antheridia- ,male gametangia, produce flagellated sperm |
|
|
Term
| Hapliod sperm and haploid egg makes ______ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gametophyte tissue is what to a sporophyte? |
|
Definition
| it is the sporophyte's nutritional source and sporophyte's base embedded in it |
|
|
Term
| spore that land in dampness can do what? |
|
Definition
| germinate and grow into new gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- phylum anthocerotophyta
- earliest plants
-sporophyte is found in gametophyte tissue that provides nutrition
- their cells have single large chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| Why are bryophytes called nonvascular plants? |
|
Definition
| - they lack water conducting tracheids |
|
|
Term
| The first tracheophytes were successful because of what? |
|
Definition
| - ability to produce more spores than ancestors, dominant sporophyte generation and appearance of vascular tissue throughout body of plant |
|
|
Term
| As leaves become flatter and bigger _________ grow taller and _________ potential is increased |
|
Definition
| tracheophytes and photosynthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - network of fluids conducting vessels/ structures in body of a plant(appeared in 420 MYA) |
|
|
Term
| Primitive vascular plants lacks what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primitive vascular plants produce |
|
Definition
| - spores because sporangia can be produced on the tips of each branch |
|
|
Term
| Two types of vascular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts sucrose and hormone through the plants |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| it develops in sporophyte not in gametophytes and gives height and size in tracheophytes(cuticle and stomata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -vascular plants have 7 extant phyla in 3 clades |
|
|
Term
| The 3 clades of tracheophytes |
|
Definition
- lycophytes(club mosses)
-pterophytes(ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails)
-seed plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have no roots or leaves
-limited size of early tracheophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- only in tracheophytes
-dual function of transport and support
-lycophytes diverged from other tracheophytes before true roots appeared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sister group to other vascular plants
-sporophyte dominant
- called lycophylls and lack seeds |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common example of lycophytes? |
|
Definition
-Club mosses
- they are only lycophytes
- hey are herblike w/ sporophyte no more tahn30 cm long
- look like true mosses but vascular structure and reproductive differ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - all form antheridia and archegonia also require free water for flagellated sperm |
|
|
Term
| What are the two clades of pterophytes? |
|
Definition
- ferns and horsetails
- ferns and whisk ferns |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| it develops in sporophyte not in gametophytes and gives height and size in tracheophytes(cuticle and stomata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -vascular plants have 7 extant phyla in 3 clades |
|
|
Term
| The 3 clades of tracheophytes |
|
Definition
- lycophytes(club mosses)
-pterophytes(ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails)
-seed plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have no roots or leaves
-limited size of early tracheophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- only in tracheophytes
-dual function of transport and support
-lycophytes diverged from other tracheophytes before true roots appeared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sister group to other vascular plants
-sporophyte dominant
- called lycophylls and lack seeds |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common example of lycophytes? |
|
Definition
-Club mosses
- they are only lycophytes
- hey are herblike w/ sporophyte no more tahn30 cm long
- look like true mosses but vascular structure and reproductive differ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - all form antheridia and archegonia also require free water for flagellated sperm |
|
|
Term
| What are the two clades of pterophytes? |
|
Definition
- ferns and horsetails
- ferns and whisk ferns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most abundant group of seedless vascular plants
- conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both photo synthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has greater development and dominance of the fern sporophyte
-gametophyte lacks vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sporophytes have rhizomes
- fonds(leaves) develop at the tip of the rhizome as tightly rolled up coils (fiddleheads) that unroll and expand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produce sporangia in clusters called SORI
on underside of fonds |
|
|
Term
| In fern reproduction diploid spore mother cell in sporangia produce ________ by _____ |
|
Definition
| haploid spores by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - one cell thick, have rhizoids and no true roots or vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| Flagellated sperm in fern swim toward where when water is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found in tropics
- sporophyte have even forking green stem w/o true leaves or roots
-gametophyte produces flagellated sperm in antheridia that must swim to archegonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- all species are homosporous
- constitute a single genus(equisetum)
-sporophytes have ribbed, jointed photosynthetic stems that come from branching rhizomes with roots at woods |
|
|
Term
| Silica deposits where in horsetails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did ancestral seed plants about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did seed plants evolve form? |
|
Definition
| - progymnosperm(seed carrying plants) |
|
|
Term
| Success of seed plants helped with evolution of seeds how? |
|
Definition
- protects and provides food for embryo
-allows embryo to remain dormant to survive harsh period before germination
-development of fruits dispersal of embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the embryo is inside ovule and is protected by a extra layer of two of sporophyte tissue(integument) |
|
|
Term
| The integument hardens into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inside ovule in the seed structure, the megasporangium divides by what to produce what? |
|
Definition
| - divides by meiosis to produce haploid megaspore |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 gametophytes that seed plants produce? |
|
Definition
- male gametophyte(deals with pollen grains)
- it is dispersed by wind or pollinator and doesn't need water
-female gametophyte(develops within the ovule)
- it is enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue in angiosperms |
|
|
Term
The 5 phyla of Extant seed plants are....
(4 Gymnosperms , plants with "naked seeds") |
|
Definition
coniferophyta
eycadophyta
gnetophyta
ginkophyta
these all lack flowers/fruit and have ovule exposed on a scale |
|
|
Term
The 5 phyla of Extant seed plants are....
(1 Angiosperm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- phylum coniferophyta
- ex. pines, spruces, firs, cedars and are most familiar
-coastal redwood(tallest)
-bristlcone(oldest)
- lives in colder drier regions
- are sources of timber, paper, resin and anti- cancer/ Taxol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- are in northern hemisphere
- tough needlelike leaves in clusters
- thick cuticle and recessed stomata to reduce water loss in leaves
- have canals with resin to deter insect and fungal attacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - male gametophytes develop from microspores in male comes by meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Pine reproduction in female |
|
Definition
- pine cones are in upper branches of tree
- female cones have larger and woody scales
-each female cone have two ovules
- female cone has megasporangium( nucellus that become female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- female pine cones take 2 seasons to mature
- during spring, pollen grains drift down between open scales and a year later female gametophyte matures and pollen tube is digesting its way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- phylum is cycadophyta
- slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions
-sporophytes look like palm trees
-has largest sperm cells of all organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem
- contains welwiyschia, ephedra and Gnetum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- phylum ginkgophyta
- Ginkgo biloba (only 1 living species remaining)
-has flagellated sperm
-they are dioecious( male and female reproductive structures form on different trees? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- have ovules enclosed in diploid tissue during pollination
-has carpels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - modified leaf that covers seeds, develops into fruits |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of flowers? |
|
Definition
- they are species specific
-it attracts animals like insects, birds and bats to plants
-many animals collect pollen from it
-efficient transfer of pollen and increase diversity of angiosperms |
|
|
Term
| Each flower turns into _____ then turns into a bud at end of stalk called ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flower Pedicle expands at the tip of flower to form a |
|
Definition
| receptacle and remaining flowers are attached |
|
|
Term
| The outermost whorl in flower morphology is called .. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second whorl in flower morphology is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The third whorl in flower morphology is called.. |
|
Definition
stamens( called androecium)
-pollen in male gametophyte is in third whorl
- each third whorl has pollen bearing anther and filament (stalk) |
|
|
Term
| The intermost whorl in flower morphology is called... |
|
Definition
carpels( called gynoecium \)
- has 2 or more carpels and 2 or more carpels are fused together(each houses a female gametophyte) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the Carpel of a flower? |
|
Definition
- ovary( swollen base that has ovules and turns into fruit)
-style( neck/ stalk of the plant)
- stigma (tip where pollen lands) |
|
|
Term
| Figure of Flower Morphology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single mother cell in ovule of female gametophyte undergoes what? and results in what? |
|
Definition
| - meiosis that produce 4 megaspores however 3 disappear and nucleus of last megaspore divides mitotically |
|
|
Term
| What happens when daughter cells of nuclei in formation of female gametophyte divides? |
|
Definition
| - divides into 8 haploid nuclei( 2 groups of 4) and integuments become seed coats forming small gap at one end of gametophyte called microphyte |
|
|
Term
| What is a female gametophyte? |
|
Definition
- its an embryo sac that has 8 haploid daughter nuclei in 7 cells
- 1 from each group of 4 migrate center and function as polar nuclei and may fuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - 1 cell in group that s closest to micropyle and the other 2 are synergids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - 3 cells at other end with no function |
|
|
Term
| Explain pollen production? |
|
Definition
- it occurs in anthers and is less complex than female gametophyte formation
- binucleate microspore become pollen grains and diploid mother cells undergo meiosis to make 4 haploid megaspores |
|
|
Term
| What is pollination? Explain it. |
|
Definition
- mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
- it may or may not be followed by fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Pollen grains make pollen tube that goes where? |
|
Definition
| to embryo sac (female gametophyte) |
|
|
Term
| One of the pollen grains in pollination lag behind and does what? |
|
Definition
| - divides to produce 2 sperm cells without flagella |
|
|
Term
| What is double fertilization? |
|
Definition
- sperm and egg make diploid zygote (sporophyte)
- sperm and 2 polar nuclei make triploid endosperm that provides nutrients to embryo |
|
|
Term
| Why do angiosperms represents an evolutionary innovations? |
|
Definition
| - their production of flowers and fruit |
|
|
Term
| Why are flowering and seed production carefully regulated? |
|
Definition
| - reproduction is a metabolically expansive process |
|
|
Term
| When does flowering occur? |
|
Definition
| - when light, water abundance and temperature are good for production of sugars needed for seed production |
|
|
Term
| When is flowering preceded by a period of vegetative growth? |
|
Definition
| - when leaves and structures supporting leaves are produced and photosynthesis can occur |
|
|
Term
| What is phase change in plant reproduction? |
|
Definition
| - developmental change that happens when plant goes from being incapable to capable of producing flowers |
|
|
Term
| What happens after phase change in plant reproduction? |
|
Definition
- light , temperature and stimulatory and inhibitory internal signals determine when flower is produced
- signals turn on genes that form floral organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 pathways to flowering? |
|
Definition
- light dependent pathway
- temperature dependent pathway
-Gibberellin dependent pathway
-Autonomous pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is Light dependent pathway? |
|
Definition
| -light duration signals that climate and more are right for reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What is temperature dependent pathway? |
|
Definition
- some plants need chilling period before flowering vernalization
- assure that plants in temperate climates don't flower in late summer/ early autumn |
|
|
Term
| Floral organs develop from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an incomplete flower? |
|
Definition
| -lacks one or more whorls and ovules are produced in ovary |
|
|
Term
| Gamete are produced where? |
|
Definition
| - in separate/ specialized structures of the flower |
|
|
Term
| In embryo Sac formation each ovule a ______ microspore mother cell undergoes _____ to produce 4 haploid megaspores but only 1 megaspore survives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the 1 megaspore that survives embryo sac formation? |
|
Definition
| it enlarges and undergoes 3 mitotic divisions to produce 8 haploid nuclei enclosed with 7 celled embryo sac (one of the cells is an egg) |
|
|
Term
| What doe anthers have that produce microspore mother cells(2n)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pollen grains are composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pollen is placed where during pollination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during fertilization in pollination of flowers? |
|
Definition
| unification of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote |
|
|
Term
| What is self pollination? |
|
Definition
| pollen from flower's anthers pollinate stigma of same flower |
|
|
Term
| What is cross pollination/ outcrossing? |
|
Definition
| pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flowers stigma |
|
|
Term
| Early seed plants where pollinated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during bee pollination? |
|
Definition
| - they use pollen to attract larvae and locate sources of food by odor then by shape and color |
|
|
Term
| What happens during butterfly and moth pollination? |
|
Definition
the like flat "landing platforms" flowers
- have long slender floral tubes filled with nectar accessible to long, coiled proboscis of lepidoptera |
|
|
Term
| What happens during wind pollination? |
|
Definition
- flowers are small, green with no corollas/petals
-stamen and carpel containing flowers usually separated between individuals and promote outcrossing |
|
|
Term
| What is monoecious & diecious ? |
|
Definition
- mono is male and female plants
- diecious is male and female on SOME plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - male and female structures mature at different times |
|
|
Term
| What happens in pollen tube formation? |
|
Definition
- pollen tube grows and pierces style of flower
-generative cell divides to from 2 sperm cells that go down the pollen tube
-eventually reach embryo sac the the synergid |
|
|
Term
| The first zygote division is asymmetrical resulting in 2 different fates known as what? |
|
Definition
- the small cell divides repeatedly forming ball of cells from embryo
-large cells divide repeatedly forming elongated structure called suspensor |
|
|
Term
Cells near suspensor become______
cells near other end are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertical axis is also what axis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radicle axis is also what axis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell divide in different direction to make 3d balls of cells |
|
|
Term
| Apical meristems establish what? |
|
Definition
| root-shoot axis in the globular stage |
|
|
Term
| What ere the 3 basic tissue by apical meristems? |
|
Definition
- protoderm(outermost cells and will form dermal tissue
-ground tissue(give bulk embryonic material)
procambium(core of embryo from future tissue organized around root-shoot) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| globular stage that gives rise to heart-shaped embryo with bulges called cotyledons that make 2 eudicots and a monocot |
|
|
Term
| What is the meristem development? |
|
Definition
| -most cells make a wide range of cell and organ types in early embryonic development then are restricted to meristem regions |
|
|
Term
| What are the three critical events angiosperms go through during embryogenesis? |
|
Definition
-development of food supply
-development of seed coat
-development of fruit surrounding seed |
|
|
Term
| In angiosperms when is is the embryo arrested? |
|
Definition
| - after meristems and cotyledons differentiate |
|
|
Term
| Integument turns into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seeds are important because why? |
|
Definition
- they maintain dormancy under any conditions and postpone conditions until better
- protect young plants when vulnerable
-allows young plants to grow and develop before photosynthesis
-adapted for dispersal, facilitating migration of plants into new habitats |
|
|
Term
| What cant happen take place in mature without something else? |
|
Definition
| germination cant take place until water and oxygen reach the embryo |
|
|
Term
| What are some seed adaptations? |
|
Definition
seed pass through digestive system of animals
-some seeds only open until fire
-seeds germinate only when chemical leach from seed coats
-adaptations ensure that seeds will germinate in good conditions only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when flower ovary develops to fruit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the ovary wall with three layers known as exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp. its fate determines fruit type |
|
|
Term
| Fruit is normally dispersed by what? |
|
Definition
| ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| What is germination in good conditions? |
|
Definition
| embryo emerges from its previously desiccated state, utilizes reserves and resumes growth |
|
|
Term
| roots grows _____ and shoot grows ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does annual mean in plant life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does biennial mean in plant life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does perennial mean in plant life? |
|
Definition
| can flower year after year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asexual development of diploid embryo in ovule that is identical |
|
|
Term
| New plants are cloned from adults using what? |
|
Definition
| runners/stolon, rhizomes, suckers, adventitious plantlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cell with only plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it anchors the plant in soil and absorb water and ions |
|
|
Term
| What is the shoot system? |
|
Definition
it supports stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers
-has internode ,node, leaf and axillary bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend through root and shoot and consist or 1 or more cell types |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 tissue systems? |
|
Definition
-dermal(outer protective cover in epidermis
-ground(internal, function in storage, photosynthesis selection
-vascular(conducts fluids and dissolved substances) |
|
|
Term
| What can plant cell types do? |
|
Definition
| can tell plants based on size of vacuole, living or not at maturity and thickness of secretions found in cellulose cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cluster of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
- 1 cell divides into 2 cells then 1 of them remain meristem and the other continues to plant body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are at tips of stems and roots, gave rise to primary tissues and made of delicate cells that need protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect shoot apical meristem |
|
|
Term
| What are intercalary meristems? |
|
Definition
| they are in stem internode and produce tissues for rapid internode growth |
|
|
Term
| Lateral meristems are in what type of plants? |
|
Definition
| plants with secondary growth |
|
|
Term
| What are woody plants types? |
|
Definition
cork cambium(outer bark)
vascular cambium( secondary vascular tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are lips looking cells that have chloroplasts
they are at opening of stomata and pass oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular/ multicellular outgrowths of epidermis that keep leaf cool and reduce evaporation by covering openings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensions of epidermis cells that increase root surface area and efficiency of absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of ground tissue? |
|
Definition
- parechyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenohyma |
|
|
Term
| What does the parenchyma do? |
|
Definition
its is most coo on and it has a large vacuole
-function in storage, photosynthesis and secretion |
|
|
Term
| What does Collenchyma do? |
|
Definition
it had flexible support and can live many years
- provides support and protection |
|
|
Term
| What does Sclerenchyma do ? |
|
Definition
it had thick walls and lack chloroplast and maturity
- it provides support and protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead cells that taper at ends and develop one another joined end to end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tubes formed from dead, hollow and cyendriom cells joined end to end
- have thick secondary walls and no protoplasts at maturity |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of elongated cells? |
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Definition
sieve cells- seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
sieve tube membrane- angiosperms
they both have clusters of pores called sieve area and both live and most lack nucleus at maturity |
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Term
| What are the root’s 4 zones ? |
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Definition
- root cap( protects delicate tissues and perceives gravity)
- zone of division ( comes form division of apical mersitems)
- zone of elongation (roots lengthen , wide increase and vacuoles occupy volume because it is efficient)
- zone of maturation(has root surface become epidermal cells and parenchyma produced by cortex) |
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Term
| What is a taproot system? |
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Definition
| single large root with branch roots(small) |
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Term
| what is a fibrous root system? |
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Definition
| many small roots or some diameter |
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Term
| Stems undergo growth from where? |
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Definition
| cell division in apical and lateral stems |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular and is scattered with no secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular is arranged in ring between xylem and phloem |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| white dots on branches and tree bark |
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Term
| Leaves are the principle site for what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaf with vein branching from vascular cylinder of stem and not extending full length |
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Term
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Definition
| several to many veins in most plants |
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Term
| What are stipules on leaves? |
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Definition
| outgrowth base of petiole ( slender stalk on eudicot leaf) |
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Term
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Definition
| undivided blades that may have teeth indentions or lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| blades of leaf divided into leaflets |
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Term
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Definition
leaf surface is covered in epidermal cells with no chloroplast
- had waxy cuticle with different glanas and trichomes
-lower epidermis has stomata protected by guard cells |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue between upper and lower epidermis and has 2 types of eudicot that are palisade( 2 row of tightly packed chlolenchyma cells) and spongy mesophyll( loosely arranged cells with air spaces) |
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Term
| The process by which water is pulled up through the xylem columns of plants as it evaporates out of the leaves is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important ion in controlling the movement of water into and out of the guard cells is |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is able to cross plant plasma membranes by a combination of |
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Definition
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Term
| On a short-term basis, water loss in plants may be controlled by the |
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Definition
| closing of the stomata in the leaves to limit transpiration. |
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Term
| Some plants are able to endure frequent flooding events because they form |
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Definition
| adventitious roots that reach above the surface of the water. |
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Term
| Even in the absence of transpiration, some water can move into the roots and partially up the xylem columns. This phenomenon is due to |
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Definition
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Term
| Turgor is most directly related to the plant cells' |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the water that evaporates from leaves passes out through the |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the water absorbed by the plant enters through the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following actions occurs in many plants when CO2 concentrations are high? |
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Definition
| Guard cells lose turgor, and the stomata close. |
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Term
| Which of the following must occur in order to maintain a high pressure potential within guard cells? |
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Definition
| Energy must be constantly expended. |
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Term
| The uneven distribution of an impermeable solute on either side of a membrane will result in |
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Definition
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Term
| Most carbohydrates manufactured in leaves and other photosynthetic parts are transported through the phloem to the rest of the plant by the process of |
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Definition
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Term
| When water molecules "stick"to something that is not another water molecule, this is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Water may be lost in the form of liquid from the surface of leaves through a process known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Mycorrhizal fungi interact with plants at the |
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Definition
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Term
| The removal of the root cap eliminates the ability of a root to respond to gravity. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Halophytes are plants that live in saline soils. The high osmotic potential of the salt solution in the soil creates a very negative water potential. What can halophytes do so that water will flow into the roots? |
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Definition
| They can increase the solute concentration in their roots creating a water potential that is more negative than the soil. |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about plants grown in hydroponic culture is true? |
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Definition
| They are suspended with their roots in a nutrient solution. |
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Term
| Gibberellins affect many processes in plants. In seeds embryos, gibberellins are believed to signal hydrolysis of the stored food reserves through inducing the synthesis of the enzyme α-amylase. Which food source are gibberellins targeting with the release of α-amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is directional growth responses of plants to a unidirectional source of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell structure is most likely responsible for sensing gravity? |
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Definition
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Term
| While touring a farm, the farmer tells you that she uses cytokinin to increase crop productivity. But, from biology class you know that cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. What other substance is the farmer most likely using in conjunction with cytokinin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The elongation of stems is stimulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| When Darwin covered the tip of a grass seedling with metal foil and then illuminated it from one side, what happened to the seedling? |
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Definition
| It did not respond to the directional light. |
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Term
| You are given a sample of plant tissue and asked to identify the type of tissue and its location in the plant. Using your microscope, you notice two distinct layers of cells. One layer contains cells that are tightly compacted together while the other layer has loosely arranged cells. The cells in both layers contain many chloroplasts. Based on this information, you determine the tissue is |
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Definition
| mesophyll tissue from a leaf. |
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Term
Mesophyll tissue is part of the root system of a plant.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plant cells are the most common and the least specialized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the vascular bundles of most eudicot stems, primary phloem differentiates toward the ________of the stem, while primary xylem differentiates toward the ________of the stem. |
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Definition
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Term
| A major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is the organization of the |
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Definition
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Term
| The waterproof cuticle covering the epidermis of land plants helps prevent dehydration, much like the skin of some land animals. As a consequence of having a cuticle, what other evolutionary adaptation was important for most land plants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form flowers or branches. |
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Term
| Annual rings in a tree trunk result from |
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Definition
| the variation in cell size due to different growth conditions throughout a year. |
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Term
| Primary growth at the apical meristems can produce cells that differentiate into each of these cell types, except which? |
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Definition
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Term
| A plant that has the mutant form of the WEREWOLF gene (wer) would be identifiable by |
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Definition
| the abundance of microscopic hairs on the root. |
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Term
| Which of the following cell types does not move materials through the body of the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Xylem tissue may contain each of these cell types, except which? |
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Definition
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Term
| Xylem tissue may contain each of these cell types, except which? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are asked to determine if a tissue sample taken from a plant stem comes from a monocot or eudicot. How will you accomplish this? |
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Definition
| Locate the vascular bundles and analyze their pattern |
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Term
| The slender stalk that connects the flattened leaf blade to the stem in most eudicots is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are all types of cells derived from |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in plant diameter results from cell division in which type of meristem? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does trimming the top of a plant make the plant bushier? |
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Definition
| Trimming damages or removes the apical meristem, which activates the axillary meristems to grow. |
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Term
| Cell division in the apical meristems at the tips of a plant that results in increases in height or length is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body, are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiosperms use which temporary reproductive structures that are not present in any other group of plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process that eventually leads to the death of a plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ovules develop within the ovary, which is located in the swollen lower portion of which floral organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microspore mother cells produce microspores. What do microspores then develop into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure contains the angiosperm egg? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these characteristics would most likely discourage self-pollination in a flower with both stamens and pistils? |
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Definition
| Long pistils and short stamens |
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Term
| Flowering plants use animals or wind to transfer ________ between flowers. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a wind-pollinated species, which of these floral parts is likely to be inconspicuous or absent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to attract pollinators to a flower? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process results in the formation of the endosperm and the embryo in angiosperms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pollination begins when pollen is transferred from the ________ to the ________ of a flower. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a pollen grain fails to generate two sperm cells, what is the most likely result of pollination? |
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Definition
| The seeds would lack either embryos or endosperm, and so would be nonviable. |
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Term
| What are the "seed leaves" that grow from bulges on the embryo called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endosperm tissue of angiosperms has what ploidy level? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a feature of a seed?
Group of answer choices
It contains a protective coat formed from the outer layers of ovule cells.
The embryo is surrounded by nutritive tissue or has cotyledons that contain nutritive tissue.
It contains a large percentage of water to support the embryo.
It is a complex structure that allows the embryo to be dispersed to distant sites. |
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Definition
| contains as large percentage of water to support the embryo |
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Term
| Stratification refers to the extended exposure to ________ that is required for some seeds to germinate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissue cannot divide to give rise to identical progeny in a plant that reproduces asexually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your botany instructor likes to tell nerdy jokes, like this: "I wanted to buy a pink Toyota Corolla, but the dealer only had a green Calyx available." Impress your instructor with a clever response to this joke. |
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Definition
| Me too! But I could only afford the yellow Androecium." |
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