Term
| 4 stages of chemical/physical processes that likely led to first living cells |
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Definition
1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)
2. Joining of these small molecules into polymers
3. Packaging of molecules into protocells
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible |
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Term
| define fossil and examples of types |
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Definition
Preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past
ex- rock, tree, amber
-examine fossils to help establish relationships between living organisms
•Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils
–deposited into layers called strata
•Based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in such strata
•Fossils reveal ancestral characteristics that may have been lost over time
•Biased and incomplete documentation |
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Term
| How long ago the earth first formed |
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Definition
| about 4.6 billion years ago |
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Term
| How long ago prokaryotes most likely evolved |
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Definition
•The oldest known fossils are stromatolites, rocklike structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment
•Stromatolites date back 3.5 billion years ago
•Prokaryotes were Earth’s sole inhabitants from 3.5 to about 2 billion years ago |
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Term
| How long ago eukaryotes most likely evolved-and most supported theory |
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Definition
Oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 2.1 billion years
endosymbiosis: mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells, eventually became single cell |
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Term
| How long ago multicellular eukaryotes evolved |
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Definition
•After the first eukaryotes evolved, a great range of unicellular forms evolved, then multicellular forms evolved
•Molecular clocks: common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes lived 1.5 billion years ago
•Oldest known fossils: small algae that lived about 1.2 billion years ago |
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Term
| How long ago major groups of larger eukaryotes colonized land |
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Definition
•Most of the major phyla of animals appear in the fossil record of the Cambrian period (535-525 million years ago)
–Cambrian explosion
–Prior animals were soft-bodied |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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Term
| define homology and analogy; know examples of each |
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Definition
Homology: similarity due to shared ancestry
-ex: flipper and hands
Analogy: similarity due to convergent evolution
-ex: wings |
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Term
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Definition
| ordered division of organisms into categories based on characteristics |
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Term
| understand way to name organisms using binomial nomenclature |
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Definition
•Binomial: two-part scientific name of a species
•First part = genus
•Second part = specific epithet-unique for each species
•First letter of the genus is capitalized, and entire name is italicized
•Both parts together name the species (not the specific epithet alone) |
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Term
| know names and order of levels in hierarchical classification |
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Definition
| species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain |
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Term
| Classification systems: original 2 groups, 5 kingdoms, present 3 domains |
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Definition
2 groups : plants and animals
5 kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
present 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
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Term
| Basic structure and functions of cell wall |
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Definition
| maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment |
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Term
| Names of cell surface structures |
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Definition
Capsules and fimbriae often surround cell wall
–Help adhere to substrate or each other
Some have flagella for movement |
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Term
| Components of internal cell structure |
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Definition
•Usually lack complex compartmentalization, but some do have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions
•Typical genome: circular chromosome that lacks a membrane and located in a nucleoid region
•Usually also has smaller independent rings of DNA |
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Term
| Know basic differences of 4 modes of nutrition |
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Definition
–photoautotrophy- light (CO2)
–chemoautotrophy- inorganic chemicals (CO2)
–photoheterotrophy- light (organic compounds)
–chemoheterotrophy- organic compounds (organic compounds) |
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Term
| Define 3 types of metabolism in relation to oxygen |
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Definition
–Obligate aerobes: require oxygen
–Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without oxygen
–Obligate anaerobes: poisoned by oxygen |
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Term
| 2 major groups of prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| Names and major distinguishing traits (from lecture) of 5 groups of Bacteria |
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Definition
Proteobacteria
–clade of gram-negative members
–5 subgroups
Gram-positive bacteria
-very diverse group
-Streptomyces, Bacillus anthracis
Chlamydias
–Parasites of animals
–Gram-negative but lack petidoglycan
Spirochetes
–Move by spiraling through environment
–Free-living and parasitic
Cyanobacteria
–Conduct plant-like photosynthesis
–Major component of phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
thermophiles- thrive in very hot environments
halophiles- live in high saline environments
methanogens- live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product |
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Term
| Roles of prokaryotes in biosphere |
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Definition
•Play major role in the continual recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems
•Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers
•Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes make atmospheric N into useable forms (ammonia)
•Many live with other organisms in symbiotic relationships |
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Term
| Major types of symbiotic relationships |
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Definition
Mutualism-both species benefit
Commensalism-1 species benefits, other not harmed or helped
Parasitism-parasite feeds off of host
–Disease causing parasites= pathogen |
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Term
| Examples of harmful imapcts of bacteria |
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Definition
Pathogenic prokaryotes: cause about half of all human diseases
Typically cause disease by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins
Exotoxins: proteins secreted cause disease
Endotoxins: released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down
Many are potential weapons of bioterrorism |
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Term
| Examples of beneficial impacts of bacteria |
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Definition
Important advances in DNA technology
Principal agents in bioremediation: use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
Synthesis of vitamins
Production of antibiotics, hormones, and food products |
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Term
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Definition
Photoautotrophs- which contain chloroplasts
Heterotrophs- which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotrophs- which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
process where unicellular organism engulfs other cell, which eventually becomes organelle
-Considerable evidence that much of protist diversity has its origins in endosymbiosis |
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Term
| Names of 5 supergroups and defining characteristics |
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Definition
Excavata-
Chromalveolata-
Rhizaria-
Archaeplastida-includes plants-
Unikonta-includes fungi and animals- |
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Term
| 5 major terrestrial adaptations of land plants |
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Definition
•Apical meristems
•Alternation of generations
•Walled spores produced in sporangia
•Multicellular gametangia
•Multicellular, dependent embryos |
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Term
| Details of general alternation of generations (very familiar with cycle, ploidy and processes) |
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Definition
Gametophyte:
–produce gametes (egg and sperm) which unite to form zygote
•Sporophyte:
–produce haploid reproductive cells (spores) through meiosis that develop into gametophyte without fusing with another cell
–produced from mitotic division of the diploid zygote |
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Term
| Know shift in dominance of sporophyte/gametophyte in all major groups |
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Definition
In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the “dominant” generation, larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte
In pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant generation |
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Term
| How long ago land plants evolved |
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Definition
| Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least 475 million years ago |
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Term
| General characteristics of bryophytes, 3 major types, |
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Definition
Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta
Mosses, phylum Bryophyta |
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Term
| How long ago vascular plants evolved |
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Definition
| Fossils ancient of vascular plants date back about 420 million years |
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Term
| Names and function of 2 types of vascular tissue |
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Definition
•Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids
•Phloem consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
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Term
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Definition
Roots: organs that anchor vascular plants
•Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
•Roots may have evolved from subterranean stems |
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Term
| Define homosporous and heterosporous |
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Definition
homosporous-produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
heterosporous-have two types of spores that give rise to male and female gametophytes |
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Term
| General characteristics and examples of Lycophyta (seedless vascular plants) |
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Definition
–Giant lycophytes thrived for millions of years in moist swamps
–Surviving species are small herbaceous plants
–Includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts |
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Term
| Ecological significance of bryophytes and seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
•Ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during the Carboniferous period, forming the first forests
•These forests may have helped produce the global cooling at the end of the Carboniferous period
•Decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became coal |
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Term
| Bryophote characteristics of gametophyte |
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Definition
–Produce flagellated sperm in antheridia
–Produce egg in archegonia
–Generally form ground-hugging carpets and only a few cells thick |
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Term
| Bryophte characteristics of sporophyte |
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Definition
–Grow out of archegonia
–Consist of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium |
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Term
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Definition
Leaves: organs that increase surface area of vascular plants-> capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
•Leaves are categorized into two types:
–microphylls (single vein) & megaphylls (highly branched vascular system)
•According to one model of evolution, microphylls evolved first, as outgrowths of stems |
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Term
| General characteristics and examples of Pterophyta (seedless vascular plants) |
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Definition
Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species
–Most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests
–Some species are even adapted to arid climates
•Includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
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Term
| Name and describe the 5 key features of seed plants |
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Definition
–Reduced gametophytes
–Heterospory
–Ovules
–Pollen
–Seeds |
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Term
| Classification of gymnosperms-know members/common names from all 4 phyla |
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Definition
•Transition to drier climates favored gymnosperms
–Needle-shaped leaves
•“naked seeds” : not enclosed in ovaries
•Seeds are exposed on modified leaves (sporophylls) that typically develop into cones (strobili)
•Include four phyla:
–Cycadophyta (cycads)
–Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
–Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
–Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood) |
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Term
| Key features of gymnosperm life cycle |
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Definition
–Dominance of the sporophyte generation
–Transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
–Development of seeds from fertilized ovules |
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Term
| General characteristics of angiosperms |
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Definition
•All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta
•Have reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
•They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants |
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Term
| Define flower & know major structures of typical flower |
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Definition
specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:
–Sepals: enclose the flower
–Petals: brightly colored and attract pollinators
–Stamens: produce pollen
–Carpels: produce ovules |
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Term
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Definition
•A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts
•Develops from ovules after fertilization
•Protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
•Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry
•Various adaptations help disperse seeds
•Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations |
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Term
| Key features of angiosperm life cycle |
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Definition
•Flower of sporophyte produces microspores and megaspores
•Pollen grains (male gametophytes) develop within anthers
•Ovule (within ovary) contains female gametophyte which produces egg
•Anther releases pollen and it lands on stigma of carpel
•Double fertilization: pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
–1 sperm fertilizes the egg forming zygote (2n)
–Other sperm combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte producing endosperm (3n)
•endosperm nourishes developing embryo |
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Term
| How long ago angiosperms evolved |
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Definition
| Angiosperms originated at least 140 million years ago |
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Term
| Angiosperm diversity-4 major divisions |
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Definition
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Term
| Key characteristics of monocot |
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Definition
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Term
| Human uses/products derived from seed plants |
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Definition
•No group of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants
•Plants are key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and medicine
•Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity critical |
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Term
| Key characteristics of eudicot |
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Definition
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