Term
| All organisms share many characteristics: |
|
Definition
•Composed of one or more cells
•Carry out metabolism
•Transfer energy with ATP
•Encode hereditary information in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species |
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Term
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Definition
that all species were descended from a single common ancestor
He depicted this history of life as a branching tree
“Descent with modification” |
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Term
| A derived characteristic is |
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Definition
| Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group |
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Term
| An ancestral characteristic is |
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Definition
| Similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group |
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Term
| Characters can be any aspect of the phenotype |
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Definition
Morphology
Behavior
Physiology
DNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
exist in recognizable character states
Example: Character “teeth” in amniote vertebrates has two states, present in most mammals and reptiles, and absent in birds and turtles |
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Term
| Presence of hair in mammals is ancestral or derived? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| presence of lungs in mammals is ancestral or derived? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Diagram that depicts a phylogeny (hypothesis of evolutionary relationships) |
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Term
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Definition
Species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the possession of shared derived characters
Evolutionary units that refer to a common ancestor and all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| derived character shared by clade members |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
| Systematists increasingly use |
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Definition
DNA sequence data to construct phylogenies
Large number of characters can be obtained through sequencing
Character states are polarized by referencing the sequence of an outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes that the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time |
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Term
|
Definition
How we place species and higher groups into the taxonomic hierarchy
Genus, family, class, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade) |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants |
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Term
| Polyphyletic group does not include |
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Definition
| the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group |
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Term
| Taxonomic hierarchies are based on |
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Definition
| shared traits, should reflect evolutionary relationships |
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Term
| Biological species concept (BSC) |
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Definition
| Defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated |
|
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Term
| Phylogenetic species concept (PSC) |
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Definition
| Species is a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| PSC looks to the past for what? |
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Definition
| to see if they have been separated long enough to develop their own derived characters |
|
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Term
| BSC is strictly _______ and PSC is _____ and _____ |
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Definition
| sexual; asexual and sexual |
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Term
|
Definition
| The science of classifying living things |
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Term
|
Definition
Shifted from emphasis on identifying and naming organisms to constructing evolutionary hypotheses to explain the relatedness of species
Organisms grouped into eight levels
Domain, kingdom, phyl
um, class, order, family, genus, and species
Genus level and higher are capitalized
Other categories assist with classification |
|
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Term
| Each hierarchal level is called a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Organisms grouped into eight levels |
|
Definition
| Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
|
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Term
| What is the largest taxon |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant organism on earth |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bacteria plays critical roles throughout the biosphere by |
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Definition
Carbon and sulfur cycling
Extract nitrogen from air
Photosynthesis
12 to 15 major groups of bacteria
Based on ribosomal RNA sequences |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Typically live in extreme environments
Diverged early from bacteria
More closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
Based on genes that encode ribosomal RNAs
Swapped genetic information via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) with other microorganisms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
All archaea share certain key characteristics
Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
Distinct lipid membrane structure
Distinct rRNA sequences
Genes have introns
Grouped into three general categories
Methanogens
Extremophiles
Nonextreme archaea |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Most common model shows Eukarya branched from within Archaea
Their structure and function allowed multicellular life to evolve
The roots of the eukaryotic tree remain elusive |
|
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Term
| Eukarya molecular data support five monophyletic supergroups |
|
Definition
Excavata
S A R
Archaeplastida
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotes have an extensive endomembrane system that |
|
Definition
| Divides cell into functional compartments |
|
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts entered early eukaryotic cells by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Compartmentalization of cells enabled the advent of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and archaea are distinct from eukaryotes in that they have little or |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – cells are differentiated, in contact and their functions are coordinated |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic species as a group carry out _____ reproduction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
First eukaryotes were probably ______
Diploids arose on separate occasions through ______ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Smallest and simplest, and most abundant forms of life |
|
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Term
| Prokaryotes likely originated on earth over_____ years ago Our knowledge of early life comes from microfossils Fall into 2 domains Bacteria Early cyanobacteria produced oxygen which allowed for diversity Archaea Earliest Archaea discovered were extremophiles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Our knowledge of early life comes from microfossils
Fall into 2 domains
Bacteria
Early cyanobacteria produced oxygen which allowed for diversity
Archaea
Earliest Archaea discovered were extremophiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes fall into 2 domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archaea resembles ______ instead of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three domains of life tree is based on ______ sequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes are fundamentally different from eukaryote |
|
Definition
bc most are single-celled, may stick together to form associations and biofilms
Size varies tremendously
Most are less than 1 µm in diameter
Single circular chromosome in nucleoid region
Often have plasmids |
|
|
Term
| Most prokaryote divide by_______, a form of asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs through horizontal gene transfer
Not a form of sexual reproduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Single protein fiber
Bacterial flagella rotate like propellers |
|
|
Term
| Internal compartmentalization |
|
Definition
No extensive membrane-bounded organelles
Some have structures that resemble organelles
Surrounded by a lipid membrane or protein shell
Plasma membrane can be invaginated
Isolates respiration or photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Archaea and bacteria both lack a |
|
Definition
| membrane-bound nucleus and endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
| archaea and bacteria have |
|
Definition
| distinctly different cell types. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Fatty acid chains joined to glycerol phosphate with ester linkages
Stereoisomer of glycerol-3-phosphate
Membranes are unbranched and are diethers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Non-polar hydrocarbons called isoprenoids joined to glycerol phosphate with ether linkages
Stereoisomer of glycerol-1-phosphate
Membranes can be branched, in cyclic compounds, and may be tetraethers that can form a monolayer membrane |
|
|
Term
Bacteria have _______
Archaea lack _____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| S-layer outside of wall or replacing wall |
|
Definition
| Composed of glycoproteins that form a rigid paracrystalline surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolved independently from bacterial flagella |
|
|
Term
| bacteria and archaea Both have ______replication origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All organically produced methane comes from archaea |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| only found in archaea and is a major contributor to global nitrogen cycle |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria have 3 basic shapes |
|
Definition
Bacillus – Rod-shaped
Coccus – Spherical
Spirillum – Helical-shaped |
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan forms a rigid network |
|
Definition
Unique to bacteria
Maintains shape
Withstands hypotonic environments |
|
|
Term
| Gram-positive bacteria have a _______ peptidoglycan wall and stain a _______color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram-negative bacteria contain _______ peptidoglycan and (do not/do) retain the purple color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gelatinous layer found in some bacteria
Surrounds the cell wall
Aids in attachment
Protects from the immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
Slender, rigid, helical structures
Composed of the protein flagellin
Involved in locomotion – spins like propeller |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Short, hairlike structures
Found in gram-negative bacteria
Aid in attachment and conjugation |
|
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Term
| Endospores develop a thick wall around their _______ and a small portion of the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endospores form when exposed to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly resistant to environmental stress
Especially heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetanus, botulism, and anthrax |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) |
|
Definition
Bound by semipermeable protein shell
Function as storage or to isolate metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic cells often have complex ______ membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, there are 3 types of horizontal gene transfer |
|
Definition
Conjugation – mediated by plasmids
Transduction – mediated by viruses
Transformation – direct uptake of DNA
All 3 processes also observed in archaea |
|
|
Term
Virtually any gene can be transferred
Occurs via |
|
Definition
| accidents in the lytic cycle |
|
|
Term
| When viruses go on to infect another cell |
|
Definition
| they transfer the bacterial DNA and it can be incorporated by homologous recombination |
|
|
Term
| Specialized Transduction occurs via |
|
Definition
| accidents in the lysogenic cycle |
|
|
Term
| DNA fragments are released from damaged or dead cells and are taken up by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The new DNA is incorporated into the live cell's genome by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proteins needed for natural transformation are encoded by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Artificial transformation |
|
Definition
Some species do not naturally undergo transformation
Can be accomplished in the lab
Critical for gene cloning and DNA manipulation |
|
|
Term
| The ________ a gene is from the origin of transfer, the ________it will be transferred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy from sun, convert inorganic C O2 to organic carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use H 2 S as electron donor, anoxygenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy from oxidizing inorganic substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light as energy source but obtain organic carbon made by other organisms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| both carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Second only to HIV/AIDS as cause of death by an infectious agent
Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Afflicts the respiratory system
Easily transferred from person to person through the air
In 2017, 10 million people contracted TB and about 1.6 millions died from the disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helicobacter pylori is the main cause
Treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Dental caries (tooth decay) |
|
Definition
Plaque consists of bacterial biofilms
Streptococcus sobrinus and S. mutans ferments sugar to lactic acid
Tooth enamel degenerates, leaving tooth vulnerable to infection |
|
|
Term
| Viruses or not organisms the have |
|
Definition
No cellular structure, independent metabolism or reproduction
Not alive or dead but inactive or active |
|
|
Term
| Most viruses come in two simple shapes |
|
Definition
Helical - rodlike
EX. Tobacco mosaic virus
Icosahedral – soccer ball shape |
|
|
Term
| Some viruses are complex such as |
|
Definition
Icosahedral head with helical tail
Bacteriophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pithovirus virus
Revived from 30,000-year-old Siberian ice in 2014
Virions are 1.5 µm long, larger than some bacteria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Production and release of new viruses
Virus usually causes the cells to rupture, or lyse
Allows infection of new cells or horizontal transmission of viruses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Latent phase
Vertical transmission of viruses through cell division |
|
|
Term
| In lysogenic phage, expression of the viral genome is repressed by |
|
Definition
| a viral regulatory protein |
|
|
Term
| If the lysogen becomes stressed |
|
Definition
| the genome can be de-repressed |
|
|
Term
Conditions for Pandemics
Three conditions are necessary for a pandemic |
|
Definition
New strain must contain a novel combination of H and N spikes
New strain must be able to replicate in humans and cause death
New strain must be efficiently transmitted between humans. |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes bc of |
|
Definition
Presence of a cytoskeleton
Compartmentalization (nucleus and organelles) |
|
|
Term
| The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arose from |
|
Definition
| infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Many organelles evolved via endosymbiosis between an __________ and a ____________ |
|
Definition
| ancestral eukaryote and bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aerobic bacteria engulfed by larger bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Larger bacteria engulfed smaller photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroplasts come from single line of cyanobacteria
Hosts are not monophyletic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulfed red algae that already had chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiosis supported by |
|
Definition
DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts
DNA similar to bacteria DNA in size and character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most diverse group of eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plasma membrane
Extracellular material (ECM) in some
Diatoms – Silica shells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dormant cell with resistant outer covering
Used for disease transmission |
|
|
Term
| locomotion occurs how many time in flagella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locomotion occurs how many time in cilia |
|
Definition
| shorter or more numerous than flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterotrophic or autotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagotrophs – Ingest particulate food matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Photosynthetic
Chemoautotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both phototrophic and heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From single cells to colonies to true multicellularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Typical mode of reproduction
Some species have an unusual mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal size daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one daughter cell smaller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions; produces several individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be obligate, or only under stress |
|
|
Term
| The Protists as a group are not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This group consists of diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unicellular
Move with flagella
2 nuclei
Giardia intestinalis- human parasite
Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Live in termite guts
Host cellulose degrading bacteria
Trichomonas vaginalis – STD
Undulating membrane for locomotion
Use flagella
Lack mitochondria, but have MROs – derived trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria
One third have chloroplasts and are autotrophic
Others lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic
All have a flexible pellicle
No sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two anterior (and unequal) flagella
Attached at reservoir
Contractile vacuoles – collect excess water
Stigma – movement towards light
Numerous small chloroplasts
Symbiosis from ingestion of green algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Second major group in Euglenozoa
Unique, single mitochondrion
DNA maxicircles and minicircles
Trypanosomes cause human diseases
African sleeping sickness – tsetse fly
Leishmaniasis – sand fly
Chagas disease – feces of triatomine bugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Difficult to control because organisms repeatedly change their protective coat
Release of sterilized flies
Traps scented like cows but treated with insecticides
Sequencing of genomes revealed core of common genes in all 3 – hope for single drug target |
|
|
Term
| SAR: Stramenopiles and Alveolates |
|
Definition
| This is a supergroup consisting of three branches: Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhizaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brown algae, diatoms, and oomycetes
Very fine hairs on their flagella
A few species have lost their hairs during evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conspicuous seaweeds of northern regions
Life cycle involves alternation of generations
Sporophyte – multicellular and diploid
Gametophyte – multicellular and haploid
Not plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum Chrysophyta
Photosynthetic, unicellular organisms
Unique double shells made of silica
Some move using raphes
Two long grooves lined with vibrating fibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Water molds”
Either parasites or saprobes
Were once considered fungi
Motile zoospores with two unequal flagella
Produced asexually
Undergo sexual reproduction
Found in water or on land
Phytophthora infestans
Irish potato famine (1845 to 1847) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flattened vesicles called alveoli
Common lineage despite diverse modes of locomotion |
|
|
Term
| three groups of alveolata |
|
Definition
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Photosynthetic, unicellular with two flagella
Live in aquatic environments
Some are luminous
Do not appear to be directly related to any other phylum
“Red tide” are “blooms” – fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from toxins
DNA not complexed with histones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell which enables the cell to invade its host
Most common in Africa
Control focused on vector control and insecticide-treated mosquito nets
Resistance to treatment and insecticides continues to be a problem
Vaccine, Mosquirix, only moderately effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in the intestines of arthropods, annelids, and mollusks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
Can cross placental barrier to harm fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough but flexible outer covering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Micronucleus – without will reproduce asexually
Macronucleus – essential for function |
|
|
Term
| Have two types of vacuoles |
|
Definition
Food vacuoles – digestion of food
Contractile vacuoles – regulation of water balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhizaria use pseudopods for locomotion |
|
|
Term
| Three distinct monophyletic groups of Rhizaria |
|
Definition
| Radiolaria, Foraminifera, and Cercozoa |
|
|
Term
| Actinopoda (Radiolarians) |
|
Definition
Glassy exoskeletons made of silica
Needlelike pseudopods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterotrophic marine protists
Pore-studded shells called tests, through which thin podia emerge
Use podia for swimming and feeding
Complex life cycles with haploid and diploid generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A morphologically diverse group of primarily soil protists
Locomotion with flagella or pseudopods
Some have silica-based shells made of scales or plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophytes, and land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red algae range from microscopic to very large
Lack flagella and centrioles
Have accessory photosynthetic pigments within phycobilisomes
Origin has been a source of controversy
Tentatively, treated as a sister clade of Chlorophyta (green algae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Land plants arose from an ancestral green alga only once during evolution |
|
|
Term
| Green alga consist of 2 monophyletic groups |
|
Definition
Chlorophyta
Streptophytes (contains the Charophytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Early green algae probably resembled Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Diverged from land plants over 1 BYA
Several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from chlorophytes |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Chlorophytes |
|
Definition
Cell specialization in colonial chlorophytes
Multicellularity arose many times in the eukaryotes
Colonial chlorophytes are examples of cellular specialization |
|
|
Term
| Haplodiplontic Life Cycles in Multicellular Chlorophytes |
|
Definition
Ulva
Multicellular chlorophyte
Identical gametophyte and sporophyte generations
Consist of flattened sheets two cells thick |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular diploid stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produces haploid spores by meiosis
Diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia
Produce 4 haploid spores
First cells of gametophyte generation |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular haploid stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spores divide by mitosis
Produces gametes by mitosis
Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
First cell of next sporophyte generation |
|
|
Term
| Charophytes distinguished from chlorophytes by |
|
Definition
| phylogenetic relationship to land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
haplontic life cycles
Evolution of diplontic embryo and haplodiplontic life cycle occurred after move to land |
|
|
Term
| 2 candidate Charophyta clades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Both charophyte clades form _________ around the edges of freshwater ponds and marshes
One species must have successfully inched its way onto land through adaptations to drying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amoebas move by means of pseudopods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flowing projections of cytoplasm
Extend and pull the amoeba forward
Engulf food particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
free living
Found in the soil as well as freshwater
Some are parasitic
Acanthomoeba enters the body through a wound and crosses the blood-brain barrier into the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Were once considered fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
include two lineages
Plasmodial slime molds
Huge, single-celled, multinucleate, oozing masses
Cellular slime molds
Single cells combine and differentiate, creating an early model of multicellularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stream along as a plasmodium
Nonwalled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm
Form called feeding phase
Ingests bacteria and other organic material
When food or moisture is scarce, organism forms sporangia, where spores are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important group for the study of cell differentiation because of their relatively simple developmental systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colonial choanoflagellates resemble their close animal relatives, the Sponges
Choanoflagellida are likely the ancestors of animals |
|
|
Term
| Mycologists believe there may be as many as _______ fungal species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single-celled or multicellular
Sexual or asexual
Specialized to extract and absorb nutrients from surroundings
Animal and fungi share several characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular fungi consist of long, slender filaments |
|
|
Term
Some hyphae are continuous called ___________hyphae
Others are divided by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______flows throughout hyphae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mass of connected hyphae
Grows through and digests its substrate |
|
|
Term
| Fungal cell walls include |
|
Definition
chitin
Also found in the hard shells (exoskeletons) of arthropods
Both fungi and animals store glucose as glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Hyphae may have more than one nucleus |
|
Definition
Monokaryotic – 1 nucleus
Dikaryotic – 2 nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Fungi have an unusual mitosis |
|
Definition
Cell is not relevant unit of reproduction
Nuclear envelope does not break down and re-form
Instead, the spindle apparatus is formed within it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centrioles (except in chytrids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction |
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Term
| Fungi Sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Fusion of two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types
In some fungi, fusion immediately results in a diploid (2n) cell
Others, have a dikaryon stage (1n + 1n) before parental nuclei form diploid nucleus |
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Term
______ are the most common means of reproduction among fungi
May form from sexual or asexual processes
Most are dispersed by wind or insects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into surroundings
Then absorb the organic molecules produced by this external digestion
Great surface area-to-volume ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi, together with bacteria, |
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Definition
| are the principal decomposers in the biosphere |
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Definition
| essential for fungus survival |
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Definition
| nonessential for survival |
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Definition
| pathogens harm host by causing disease |
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Definition
| benefit one partner but does not harm the other |
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Term
| Mutualistic relationships |
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Definition
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Definition
| cause harm to host (do not cause disease) |
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Term
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Definition
Live in the intercellular spaces inside plants
Some parasitic, some commensalistic
Some fungi protect their hosts from herbivores by producing toxins |
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Definition
| Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner |
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Definition
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Definition
| unable to grow normally without their photosynthetic partners |
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Definition
Mutualistic relationships between fungi and plants
Found on the roots of about 90% of all known vascular plant species
Function as extensions of root system
Increase soil contact and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and race elements |
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Term
| Two principal types of mycorrhizae |
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Definition
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizae |
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Term
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Definition
By far the most common
Fungal partners are glomeromycetes
No aboveground fruiting structures
Possibly helped early vascular plants survive infertile soils |
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Term
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Definition
Most hosts are forest trees (pines, oaks)
Fungal partners are mostly basidiomycetes |
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Term
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Definition
Ruminant animals host fungi in their gut that can degrade cellulose and lignin
Leaf-cutter ants have domesticated fungi which they keep in underground gardens
Ants provide fungi with leaves
Fungi are food for the ants |
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Term
| Fungi may secrete substances making food unpalatable, carcinogenic, or poisonous for example |
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Definition
Aspergillus flavus – aflatoxin
Ustilago maydis – edible corn smut (not harmful to animals) |
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Term
| Fungi also cause human and animal diseases such as |
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Definition
Candida – thrush; vaginal infections
Ringworm, athlete’s foot, and nail fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for the worldwide decline in amphibian populations |
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Term
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Microsporidia
Blastocladiomycota
Neocallimastigomycota
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota
Basidiomycota
Ascomycota |
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Term
| 1 phylum that is not monophyletic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Obligate, intracellular, animal parasites
Long thought to be protists
Lack mitochondria
Have reduced mitochondrion-like organelles |
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Term
| Polar Tube of Microsporidians |
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Definition
Commonly cause disease in immunosuppressed patients
Infect hosts with their spores, which contain a polar tube |
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Term
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Definition
Aquatic, flagellated fungi
Closely related to ancestral fungi
Have motile zoospores |
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Definition
| Alternation of generations- only fungi that do so |
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Term
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Definition
Grows in the soil
Both diploid and haploid stages are multicellular |
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Term
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Definition
Spore producing via meiosis for haploid spores
Mitosis used to produce diploid spores for asexual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| gamete producing via mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
Digest plant biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens
Mammal depends on fungi for sufficient calories
Lack true mitochondria
Horizontal gene transfer brought cellulase gene from bacteria into Neocallimastix genome
Potential use for biofuel production- degrade cellulose at high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
are not monophyletic – still under research
Include the common bread molds, a few human pathogens
Mostly coenocytic hyphae
Chemotropic hyphae are attracted to opposite type in unfavorable conditions for sexual reproduction cycle |
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Term
Life Cycle of Zygomycetes
Sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Fusion of gametangia
Haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote nuclei – karyogamy
Develops into zygosporangium in which zygospore develops
Meiosis occurs during germination of zygospore
Releases haploid spores |
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Term
| Asexual reproduction of zygomycetes |
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Definition
more common
Sporangiophores have sporangia that release spores |
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Term
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Definition
tiny group of fungi
Form intracellular associations with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae
Cannot survive in absence of host plant
No evidence of sexual reproduction
Likely instrumental in colonization of land by plants |
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Term
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Definition
are some of the most familiar fungi
Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc.
Also important plant pathogens like rusts and smuts |
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Term
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Definition
| club-shaped sexual reproductive structure |
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Term
| Spore germination leads to |
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Definition
the production of monokaryotic hyphae
Results in a monokaryotic mycelium, or primary mycelium |
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Term
Different mating types of monokaryotic hyphae may fuse
Results in a |
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Definition
| dikaryotic mycelium, or secondary mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
Contain about 75% of the known fungi
Includes bread yeasts, common molds, cup fungi, truffles, and morels
Serious plant pathogens – cause of chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease |
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Term
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Definition
| producing fungi are in the genus Penicillium |
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Term
| Conidia formed at the ends of modified hyphae called |
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Definition
conidiophores
Allow for the rapid colonization of a new food source
Many conidia are multinucleate |
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Term
| Ascomycetes named for ascus – |
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Definition
| microscopic, saclike reproductive structure |
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Term
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Definition
Unicellular ascomycetes
Most reproduce asexually by budding
Yeasts can ferment carbohydrates
Break down glucose into ethanol and C O2
Used to make bread, beer, and wine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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Term
Yeast can ferment simple sugars
Likely a response to |
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Definition
| competition with other microorganisms (bacteria) |
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Term
| Yeast can ferment sugar in the absence of oxygen having an advantage |
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Definition
| over those organisms that need oxygen as the final electron acceptor |
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