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Biology 261
Exam 2 cards
223
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/13/2008

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Term
Formed elements
Definition
cells in the blood
Term
Plasma
Definition

fluid part of the blood

straw-colored liquid consisting of H20 &
dissolved solutes

Term
Albumin 
Definition

type of plasma protein

60-80% of plasma proteins in blood

Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H20 from interstitial fluid
into capillaries to maintain blood volume & pressure

Term
Globulin
Definition

plasma protein

carries lipids

Term
Fibrinogen
Definition

plasma protein

clotting factor in blood

Term
Fibrin
Definition

made from fibrinogen

Platelet plug becomes infiltrated by meshwork of fibrin

Term
Serum
Definition
fluid left when blood clots
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition

RBC

Lack nuclei & mitochondria
Each RBC contains ~280
million hemoglobin molecules

Term
Erythroblast
Definition

precursor to RBC

still contain nucleus

Term
Reticulocyte
Definition
immature red blood cell
Term
Leukocytes
Definition

WBC

Have nucleus, mitochondria, & amoeboid ability
Can squeeze through capillary walls (diapedesis
also known as extravasation)

Term
Megakaryocyte
Definition
pre cursers to platelets
Term
Diapedesis/ Extravasation
Definition
ability to squeeze through capillary walls
Term
Granular leukocytes
Definition
help detoxify foreign substances & release heparin
• Include eosinophils, basophils, & neutrophils
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Granular leukocytes
Term
Basophils
Definition
Granular leukocytes
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
cessation of bleeding
Term
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Definition
with NO (nitric oxide)
Keep clots from forming & are vasodilators
Term
NO (nitric oxide)
Definition
with prostacyclin (PGI2--a prostaglandin)
– Keep clots from forming & are vasodilators
Term
vonWillabrand Factor
Definition
increases platelet bond by binding to both collagen & platelets
Term
Thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
Definition

released into blood stream during platelet release reaction

stimulate vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to wound
ADP & thromboxane A2 cause other platelets to become sticky & attach & undergo platelet release reaction

Term
Plasminogen
Definition
converts into plasmin
Term
Plasmin
Definition
digests fibrin, dissolving clot
Term
Ca++ chelators
Definition

prevents clotting

ex. sodium citrate and EDTA

Term
Hematocrit
Definition
seperation of blood into its components
Term
Neutrolphils
Definition
Granular leukocytes
Term
Agranular leukocytes
Definition
are either destructive and/or phagocytic or produce antibodies
• Include lymphocytes & monocytes
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Are derived from stem cells in bone marrow
– Which replace selves by cell division so are not depleted
–can mature primarily in either the bone marrow or the thymus, with self-replacing colonies
• After maturation they can migrate to the spleen or lymph nodes to continue to replicate
Term
Thrombocytes/ Platlets
Definition
Are smallest of formed elements,
lack nucleus
• Are fragments of megakaryocytes;
amoeboid
• Constitute most of mass of blood
clots
• Release serotonin to vasoconstrict &
reduce blood flow to clot area
• Survive 5-9 days
Term
Buffy coat
Definition

platelets and white blood cells

<1% of blood

Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
formation of blood cells from stem cells
in marrow (myeloid tissue) & lymphoid
tissue
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
formation of RBCs
stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from
kidney
Term
Erythropoietin (Epo)
Definition

hormone from kidney

stimulates red blood cell formation

Term
Leukopoiesis
Definition
formation of WBCs
stimulated by variety of cytokines
Term
Cytokines
Definition
hormones that stimulate white blood cell formation
Term
Cell-mediated immunity
Definition
cells enulf and eat unwanted cells
Term
T-cells/T-Lymphocytes
Definition
Develop from lymphocytes that seed thymus
• Do not secrete antibodies
• Attack infected host cells, cancer cells, &
foreign cells
– Thus they provide cell-mediated immunity
Term
B-cells/B-lymphocytes
Definition
Mature in the bone marrow
• Fight bacterial infections by secreting antibodies into blood & lymph
– Thus provide humoral immunity
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
cells tag unwanted cells for destruction
Term
Thymus
Definition
Is located below the thyroid gland
• Grows during childhood, gradually regresses
after puberty
• Contains T cells that supply other tissues
– T cells can be depleted, e.g. by AIDs or chemotherapy
– These can only be replenished up to late childhood
• After that, repopulation is accomplished by production in secondary lymphoid organs
Term
Platelet release reaction
Definition
Platelets stick to collagen & release ADP, serotonin, &
thromboxane A2
Term
Platelet plug
Definition
Plug & surroundings are infiltrated by web of fibrin,
forming clot
Term
Plug contraction
Definition
Platelet plug undergoes plug contraction to form more compact plug
Term
Intrinsic pathway
Definition
clots damaged vessels & blood left in test tube
• Initiated by exposure of blood to negatively charged surface of glass or blood vessel collagen
– This activates factor XII (a protease) which initiates a series of clotting factors.
Most clotting factors need Ca2+ to be activated.
– Ca2+ & phospholipids convert prothrombin to thrombin
Term
Factor XII
(Hageman factor)
Definition

(a protease) which initiates a series of clotting factors

causes activation of kallikrein

Term
Sodium citrate
Definition

Ca+2 chelator

prevents clotting

Term
EDTA
Definition

Ca+2 chelator

prevents clotting
Term
Heparin
Definition
which activates antithrombin III
Term
Bone marrow
Definition
makes red blood cells when stimulated by erythropoietin from kidneys
Term
Heme group
Definition
iron found in hemoglobin which holds one oxygen molecule
Term
Folic acid
Definition
necessary to create new cells and maintain cells
Term
B12
Definition
important in blood formation
Term
ABO system
Definition
major antigen group
Term
Agglutinate
Definition

clumping together of RBC by anti-agents in blood

only happens when two different blood types are mixed

Term
Universal donor
Definition

Type O is “universal donor” because lacks A & B antigens
Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s Type O RBCs

Term
Universal recipient
Definition
Type AB is “universal recipient” because doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies
– Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
Term
Rho(D)/ Rh factor
Definition

another antigen found on RBC

Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not

Term
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
At birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus
– In later pregnancies mom may produce Rh antibodies
• In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies
cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
Term
Chylomicron
Definition

transport cholesterol and lipids from intestine (dietary) to liver and tissues via blood

ex. LDL, HDL

Term
LDL
(low density lipoprotein)
Definition
transport cholesterol and lipids from liver to tissues. Too much is bad, because if you build up cholesterol and lipids in tissues, i.e. in arteries, this leads to “plaque” build-up and arteriosclerosis
Term
HDL
(high density lipoprotein)
Definition

transport excess cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to liver

HDL = Healthy, excess cholesterol from tissues is “properly” disposed of or stored in the liver for future use

Term
Polycythemia
Definition
overproduction of RBC
Term
Antigen
Definition
any substance (as a toxin or enzyme or protein) that stimulates the production of antibodies
antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type
Term
Antibody
Definition
attack antigens
Term
Prothrombin
Definition
precursor to thrombin
Term
Thrombin
Definition
converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh
Term
Extrinsic pathway
Definition
Damage outside blood vessels releases tissue
thromboplastin that triggers a clotting shortcut
Term
Tissue thromboplastin
Definition
triggers a clotting shortcut
Term
Kallikrein
Definition
converts plasminogen to plasmin
Term
Antithrombin III
Definition
blocks thrombin
Term
Coumarin/warfarin
Definition
block clotting by indirectly reducing the effects of Ca+2, which results in slower clotting times
Term
TPA
Definition

tissue plasminogen activator

TPA can be given to patients to activate plasmin

Term
Preganglionic neuron
Definition

part of sympathetic nervous system

goes from the spinal cord to the sympathetic chain ganglion

Term
Postganglionic neuron
Definition

part of sympathetic nervous system

go from sympathetic chain ganglion to major organs

Term
Autonomic ganglion
Definition
Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Definition
mediates "fight, flight, & stress"
reactions
Term
Paravertebral ganglia
Definition
form the sympathetic chain ganglion
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
located in adrenal gland on top of kidney, appears to be a modified collateral ganglion
– That release 85% epinephrine (Epi) & 15%
norepinephrine (Norepi) into blood in response to
preganglionic stimulation
Term
Epinephrine (Epi)
Definition

released from adrenal medulla

released into blood into response to preganglionic stimulation

released during mass activation

Term
Parasympathetic nervous
system
Definition
mediates "rest & digest"
reactions
Term
Terminal ganglia
Definition

located next to or inside the target organ

synapse on postganglionic neuron

Term
Vagus nerve/cranial nerve X
Definition
Innervates heart, lungs, esophagus,
stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, &
upper half of the large intestine
Term
Cholinergic
Definition
release ACh
Term
Adrenergic
Definition
release norepinephrine
Term
Agonist
Definition
Drugs that promote actions of the
normal ligand
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Drugs that inhibit actions of the
normal ligand
Term
Nicotine
Definition
agonist for nicotinic receptors
Term
Curare
Definition
antagonist for nicitonic receptors
Term
Muscarine
Definition
agonist for muscarinic receptors
Term
Atropine
Definition
antagonist for muscurinic receptors
Term
α1/α2/β1/β2
Definition

types of receptors

contraction/relaxation/contraction/relaxation

Term
Phenylephrine
Definition
nonselective agonist for alpha receptors
Term
Phenoxybenzamine
Definition
non-selective antagonist for alpha receptors
Term
Isoproteronol
Definition

non-selective agonist for beta receptors

treats heart failure

Term
Albuterol
Definition

beta 2 agonist

used for asthma

Term
Propranolol
Definition
non-selective antagonist for beta receptors
Term
Atenolol
Definition

antagonist for specific beta 1 receptors

used to treat angina pectoralis

Term
Ephedrine
Definition
stimulant of NE release
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
stimulant for NE release
Term
Cocaine
Definition
prevents NE re-uptake
Term
Varicosites
Definition
Term
Synapses en passant
Definition
sypmathetic synaptic endings near organs
Term
Dual innervation
Definition
one organ is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Term
Pulmonary
Definition
Term
Systemic
Definition
Term
Atria
Definition
recieve blood from venous system
Term
Ventricle
Definition
pump blood to arteries
Term
Septum
Definition
layer of muscle that seperates sides of the heart
Term
Myocardium
Definition
muscle cells
Term
Aorta
Definition
first artery out of the left ventricle
Term
Pulmonary artery
Definition
from right ventricle to lungs
Term
Pulmonary vein
Definition
from lungs to left atrium
Term
AV (atrioventricular) valves
Definition
allows blood to go from atrium to ventricle only one way
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition
blocks blood from flowing back into the ventricles
Term
CO-cardiac output
Definition
=stroke volume X heart rate
Term
SA (sinoatrial) node
Definition

depolarize at 100 bpm

start the heart beat of the heart

Term
Internodal pathway
Definition
Term
AV (atrioventricular) node
Definition

depolarizes at 60 bpm

node for the ventricles

delay the signal for .1 sec

Term
Purkinje Fibers
Definition
depolarize at 30 bpm
Term
HCN - hyperpolarization
activated cyclic-nucleotide
gated
Definition

Na+ voltage gated channels open when hyperpolarized

causes spontaneous depolarization

Term
Plateau phase (Ca++)
Definition
caused by a ca influx negating the k output
Term
SV - stroke volume
Definition

blood pumped per beat by ventricles

avg. 65-70 mL

Term
EDV - end diastolic volume
Definition

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

determined by:

end diastolic volume

total peripheral resistance

contractility

Term
Ejection fraction
Definition
Term
Frank-Starling Law of the
Heart
Definition
strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with EDV
Term
Chronotropic effect
Definition
Term
Inotropic
Definition
Term
Intrinisic
Definition
Term
Extrinsic
Definition
Term
Skeletal pump
Definition
blood is moved toward heart by contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
Term
Venous return
Definition

return of blood to heart via veins

dependent on:

blood volume and venous pressure

vasocontraction

skeletal muscle pump

pressure drop during inhalation

Term
Capacitance vessels
Definition
Term
Compliance
Definition
Term
Isovolumetric contraction
Definition
Term
Isovolumetric relaxation
Definition
Term
Heart murmurs
Definition
Are abnormal sounds produced by abnormal
patterns of blood flow in heart
• Many caused by defective heart valves
– Can be of congenital origin (congenital means
present at birth, but not necessarily hereditary)
• Heart valve defects are not always life
threatening - we can tolerate some backward
flow of blood
Term
Rheumatic fever
Definition
causes thickened and calcified mitral valve
Term
Mitral stenosis
Definition
thickening of mitral valve
Term
TPR-total peripheral
resistance
Definition

main sources:

vessel diameter

blood viscosity

total vessel length

Term
Viscosity
Definition
thickness of blood
Term
Poiseuilles law
Definition

describes factors affecting blood flow

Q=change in pressure(r4)(x)/nL(8)

Term
MAP-mean arterial pressure
Definition
Term
Precapillary sphincters
Definition
direct the blood to certain areas of capillaries
Term
Continuous capillary
Definition

endothelial cells are tightly held together

only permit exchange of small molecules

found in: muscle, lungs, adipose

Term
Fenestrated capillary
Definition

have wide pores in endothelial cells

found in: kidneys, endocrine cells

Term
Discontinuous capillary
Definition

have large gaps in endothelium

found in: liver, spleen, bone marrow

Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
plaque build up at site of endothelial injury
Term
Atheroma
Definition
Term
Angiogram
Definition
Term
Angioplasty
Definition
Term
Thrombus
Definition
Term
Embolus
Definition
Term
Stent
Definition
Term
Ischemia
Definition
Term
Angina pectoris
Definition
Term
MI (myocardial infarction)
Definition
Term
Creatine phosphokinase
(CPK)
Definition
Term
Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH)
Definition
Term
Myogenic regulation
Definition
Term
Metabolic regulation
Definition
Term
Cutaneous
Definition
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
Term
Vasomoter control center
Definition
Term
Cardiac control center
Definition
Term
Carotid sinus baroreceptor
Definition
Term
Aortic arch baroreceptor
Definition
Term
Atrial stretch receptor
Definition
Term
ANP-atrial natriuretic
peptide
Definition
Term
Primary/Essential
hypertension
Definition
Term
Secondary hypertension
Definition
Term
Congestive heart failure
Definition
Term
Hypovolemic shock
Definition
Term
Septic shock
Definition
Term
Sepsis
Definition
Term
Endotoxin
Definition
Term
Anaphylactic shock
Definition
Term
Neurogenic shock
Definition
Term
Cardiogenic shock
Definition
Term
Colloid osmotic pressure –
AKA Oncotic pressure
Definition
Term
Starling forces
Definition
Term
(Ultra)filtration
Definition
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
Term
Asymptomatic
Definition
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
Term
Lymph
Definition
Term
Lymph duct
Definition
Term
Lymph nodes
Definition
Term
Thoracic duct
Definition
Term
Right lymphatic duct
Definition
Term
Edema
Definition
Term
Myxedema
Definition
Term
Electrocardiogram
Definition
Term
Dipole
Definition
Term
QRS complex
Definition
Term
T-wave
Definition
Term
P-R interval
Definition
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
Term
Myopathes
Definition
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
Term
Flutter
Definition
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
Term
Electrical defibrillation
Definition
Term
1st degree (primary) AV
block
Definition
Term
2nd degree (secondary) AV
block
Definition
Term
3rd degree (complete) AV
block
Definition
Term
Self vs. Non-self
Definition
Term
Innate immunity
Definition
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Term
PAMP's
Definition
Term
LPS
Definition
Term
Extravasation
Definition
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
Term
Pyrogens
Definition
Term
Haptens
Definition
Term
Opsinization
Definition
Term
Mast cells
Definition
Term
Heparin
Definition
Term
Histamine
Definition
Term
Leukotrienes
Definition
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