Term
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Definition
How organism is adapted to environment.
Natural Selection → Adaptation |
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Definition
| Analyze population size & why it changes over time. |
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Definition
| Interactions between species (i.e. predation, competition) & how they affect community structure |
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Definition
| Examine communities and abiotic factors (i.e. energy flow, chemical cycling |
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Definition
| Mosaic of ecosystems; exchanges between ecosystems. |
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Term
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Definition
Biosphere (global ecosystem)
How regional energy exchange influences organisms across biosphere. |
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Term
| Abiotic factors affecting life in biosphere? |
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Definition
| Temperature, precipitation, solar energy, wind |
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Term
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Definition
Dependent location around equator.
Rising air replaced with cooled air (cycle)
Gulf streams |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascending moist air releases moisture, descending dry air absorbs moisture. |
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Term
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Definition
23.5 degree tilt causes seasons.
Equator: Most direct angle of sunlight
Outside equator: low angles of incoming sunlight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined effect of rising and falling air masses and Earth's rotation; faster spin at equator |
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Definition
| Warming air picks up moisture, ascends, moves back towards equator; dominant in tropics. |
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Definition
| E to W winds; dominant in temperate zones |
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Term
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Definition
| Driven by solar energy; precipitation > evaporation > transpiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Major ecological associations; broad geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
Pelagic: All open water
Benthic: Seafloor
Photic: Depth of 200m where light penetrates
Continental Shelves: Submerged parts of continents
Aphotic zone: "Twilight" (200-1000m) & Benthic (1000m - below) |
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Term
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Definition
Rivers, streams: Low nutrients, cold, clear
Lakes, ponds: Nutrient rich (enough for blooms)
Wetlands: marches, swamps, bogs; richest of biomes (species diversity), reduce flooding, improve water by filtering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependent on climate, temperature, & rainfall. |
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Definition
| Near equator, heavy rainfall, warm temperatures, lush vegetation |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominated by grasses & scattered trees; Warm year-round, poor soil, lack moisture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Driest of all biomes; low/unpredictable rainfall; extremely hot/cold |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhabited by dense spiny shrubs; cool from ocean currents; mild rainy winterse & hot, dry summers |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominated by grasses but treeless; cold winters; low rainfall, severe drought |
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Term
| Temperate Broadleaf Forests |
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Definition
| Midlatitude regions; sufficient moisture for large trees; very cold winters to hot summers |
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Term
| Coniferous forests (Taiga) |
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Definition
| Dominated by evergreen trees; cool, high elevations; long, cold winters & short, wet summers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Northernmost limits of plant growth & high altitudes; brief warm season & extremely cold winters |
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Term
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Definition
"How" questions; answers immediate mechanism for behavior
Ex: Physiological cues - satiety, leptin |
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Term
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Definition
"why" questions; evolutionary explanations for behavior
Ex: Behaviors part of phenotype →adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of response to stimulus after rpt'd exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that's irreversible; ltd to sensitive time period in animal's life |
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Term
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Definition
| use of landmark's to identify structure of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal representation of spatial relationships among objects in environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral change due to linking stimulus or behavior w/ reward/punishment; trial-&-error learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by observing/mimicking others |
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Term
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Definition
| Inventive behavior arising in response of new situation |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Particular/preferred food source |
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Term
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Definition
| Anima's feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain w/ minimal energy expense & minimal risk of being eaten. |
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Term
| Territoriality (evolutionary value) |
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Definition
| Grounds for feeding, mating, rearing young, or any combo of these. |
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Term
Agonistic behavior
Impotance in interaction? |
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Definition
| Threats, rituals, & sometimes combat to determine a competitor's resource; directly affects individual's evolutionary fitness |
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Term
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Definition
Increasing fitness of others in population
Ex: Signaling for cooperative safety |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual's success at perpetuating genes by producing own offspring; can also help relatives to produce offspring; increased by altruism |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals form bonf with single partner for mating season |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals mate with multiple partners and form no lasting bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual of one sex mates with several of other sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Way individuals are spaced w/i their area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals are grouped in patches; most common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Even one; results from interactions between individuals of population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abundant resources; unpredicatable spacing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of individuals from initial population alive at each age. |
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Term
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Definition
Produce few offspring, high parental care, high survivability to maturity
Ex: elephant, whale |
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Term
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Definition
| Survivorship consistent, vulnerability equal across age class |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce numerous offspring, little parental care, low survivorship for very young |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of population increase under ideal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes idealized population growth that's slowed by limiting factors as population size increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Max populatino size a particulat environment can sustain ("carry") |
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