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Biology 226 Quiz III
Ch. 34, 35, 36
56
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/03/2012

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Term
Organismal
Definition

How organism is adapted to environment.

 

Natural Selection → Adaptation

Term
Population
Definition
Analyze population size & why it changes over time.
Term
Community
Definition
Interactions between species (i.e. predation, competition) & how they affect community structure
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Examine communities and abiotic factors (i.e. energy flow, chemical cycling
Term
Landscape
Definition
Mosaic of ecosystems; exchanges between ecosystems.
Term
Global
Definition

Biosphere (global ecosystem)

How regional energy exchange influences organisms across biosphere.

Term
Abiotic factors affecting life in biosphere?
Definition
Temperature, precipitation, solar energy, wind
Term
Temperature
Definition
Dependent location around equator.
Rising air replaced with cooled air (cycle)
Gulf streams
Term
Precipitation
Definition
Ascending moist air releases moisture, descending dry air absorbs moisture.
Term
Sunlight
Definition
23.5 degree tilt causes seasons.
Equator: Most direct angle of sunlight
Outside equator: low angles of incoming sunlight.
Term
Prevailing Winds
Definition
Combined effect of rising and falling air masses and Earth's rotation; faster spin at equator
Term
Trade Winds
Definition
Warming air picks up moisture, ascends, moves back towards equator; dominant in tropics.
Term
Westerlies
Definition
E to W winds; dominant in temperate zones
Term
Global Water Cycle
Definition
Driven by solar energy; precipitation > evaporation > transpiration
Term
Biome
Definition
Major ecological associations; broad geographic area
Term
Ocean Zone (Abiotic)
Definition
Pelagic: All open water
Benthic: Seafloor
Photic: Depth of 200m where light penetrates
Continental Shelves: Submerged parts of continents
Aphotic zone: "Twilight" (200-1000m) & Benthic (1000m - below)
Term
Freshwater Biomes
Definition
Rivers, streams: Low nutrients, cold, clear
Lakes, ponds: Nutrient rich (enough for blooms)
Wetlands: marches, swamps, bogs; richest of biomes (species diversity), reduce flooding, improve water by filtering.
Term
Terrestrial biomes
Definition
Dependent on climate, temperature, & rainfall.
Term
Tropical forest
Definition
Near equator, heavy rainfall, warm temperatures, lush vegetation
Term
Savanna
Definition
Dominated by grasses & scattered trees; Warm year-round, poor soil, lack moisture.
Term
Desert
Definition
Driest of all biomes; low/unpredictable rainfall; extremely hot/cold
Term
Chaparral
Definition
Inhabited by dense spiny shrubs; cool from ocean currents; mild rainy winterse & hot, dry summers
Term
Temperate grasslands
Definition
Dominated by grasses but treeless; cold winters; low rainfall, severe drought
Term
Temperate Broadleaf Forests
Definition
Midlatitude regions; sufficient moisture for large trees; very cold winters to hot summers
Term
Coniferous forests (Taiga)
Definition
Dominated by evergreen trees; cool, high elevations; long, cold winters & short, wet summers.
Term
Tundra
Definition
Northernmost limits of plant growth & high altitudes; brief warm season & extremely cold winters
Term
"Proximate" questions
Definition

"How" questions; answers immediate mechanism for behavior

 

Ex: Physiological cues - satiety, leptin

Term
"Ultimate" questions
Definition

"why" questions; evolutionary explanations for behavior

 

Ex: Behaviors part of phenotype →adaptation

Term
Habituation
Definition
Loss of response to stimulus after rpt'd exposure.
Term
Imprinting
Definition
Learning that's irreversible; ltd to sensitive time period in animal's life
Term
Spatial learning
Definition
use of landmark's to identify structure of environment
Term
Cognitive mapping
Definition
Internal representation of spatial relationships among objects in environment
Term
Associative learning
Definition
Behavioral change due to linking stimulus or behavior w/ reward/punishment; trial-&-error learning
Term
Social learning
Definition
Learning by observing/mimicking others
Term
Problem solving
Definition
Inventive behavior arising in response of new situation
Term
Generalists
Definition
Usually omnivorous;
Term
Specialists
Definition
Particular/preferred food source
Term
Optimal foraging theory
Definition
Anima's feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain w/ minimal energy expense & minimal risk of being eaten.
Term
Territoriality (evolutionary value)
Definition
Grounds for feeding, mating, rearing young, or any combo of these.
Term

Agonistic behavior

Impotance in interaction?

Definition
Threats, rituals, & sometimes combat to determine a competitor's resource; directly affects individual's evolutionary fitness
Term
Altruism
Definition

Increasing fitness of others in population

 

Ex: Signaling for cooperative safety

Term
Inclusive fitness
Definition
Individual's success at perpetuating genes  by producing own offspring; can also help relatives to produce offspring; increased by altruism
Term
Monogamous
Definition
Animals form bonf with single partner for mating season
Term
Promiscuous
Definition
Animals mate with multiple partners and form no lasting bond
Term
Polygamous
Definition
Individual of one sex mates with several of other sex.
Term
Dispersion pattern
Definition
Way individuals are spaced w/i their area.
Term
Clumped DP
Definition
Individuals are grouped in patches; most common.
Term
Uniform DP
Definition
Even one; results from interactions between individuals of population.
Term
Random DP
Definition
Abundant resources; unpredicatable spacing.
Term
Survivorship curve
Definition
Proportion of individuals from initial population alive at each age.
Term
S Curve: Type I
Definition

Produce few offspring, high parental care, high survivability to maturity

 

Ex: elephant, whale

Term
S Curve: Type II
Definition
Survivorship consistent, vulnerability equal across age class
Term
S Curve: Type III
Definition
Produce numerous offspring, little parental care, low survivorship for very young
Term
Exponential growth model
Definition
Rate of population increase under ideal conditions
Term
Logistic growth model
Definition
Describes idealized population growth that's slowed by limiting factors as population size increases.
Term
Carrying capacity
Definition
Max populatino size a particulat environment can sustain ("carry")
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