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| linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response |
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| Chemical communication involves pheromones (chemical signals |
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| one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning |
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| process of ligand binding to the receptors; mimic a lock and key model. There are three major types of signal receptors: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs) and intracellular receptors |
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| found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells, chemical messenger passes through the target cell's plasma membrane |
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| plasma membrane receptors |
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| transmits information from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell by changing shape or aggregating when a specific ligand binds to it |
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| cellular response (to a signal |
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| could be a catalysis by an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of specific genes in the nucleus |
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| regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
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| guanosine triphosphate, similar to ATP, G protein binds it, It can act as a substrate for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanine nucleobase,GTP is essential to signal transduction, particularly with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) through the action of GTPases |
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| GTP is essential to signal transduction, particularly with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) through the action of GTPases |
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| anchors plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil |
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| alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures |
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| point along stem of a plant at which leaves are attached |
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| segment of plant stem between the points where leaves are attached |
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| main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
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| stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
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| flattened portion of a typical leaf |
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| vascular bundle in a leaf |
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| flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary |
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| flowering plants with two embryonic seed leaves, also called eudicots |
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| flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf |
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| something that will grow into flower or branch |
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| potential to form a lateral shoot, or a branch, appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem |
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| Along the same line as an axis of rotation |
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| of or relating to or situated at the ends |
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| seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo, some species have one, some have two |
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| tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals |
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| blade consists of multiple leaflets |
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| a functional and structural unit of a plant, 2 organ systems: shoot and root |
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| 3 types: dermal, vascular, ground |
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| outer protective covering of plants |
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| formed by xylem and phloem, transports water and minerals, transports sugars, products of photosynthesis, tubes that transport throughout plant body |
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| neither vascular or dermal, fulfilling variety of functions like storage, photosynthesis, and support |
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| transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant |
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| conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem, connected end to end form sieve tubes |
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| move water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant |
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| long, tapered water conducting cell found in the xylem, function tracheids are no longer living |
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| short, wide water conducting cell found in the xylem, dead at maturity, aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels |
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| re a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors |
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| enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein |
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| an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. |
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| gated channel for a specific ion, the opening or closing of such channels may alter the membrane potential |
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| a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. |
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| molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
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| s a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. |
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| a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP, most notably by activating intracellular protein kinases in response to the binding of membrane-impermeable peptide hormones to the external cell surface.[1] |
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| intracellular calcium ion concentration |
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| A principle of signal transduction is the signal amplification. The binding of one or a few neurotransmitter molecules can enable the entry of millions of ions. |
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| regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
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