Term
|
Definition
| All cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
| Scientists with Natural selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deductive reasoning (general to specific)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Results repeatable = Scientific credibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoning that establishes a general principle from many specific observations |
|
|
Term
| how many years ago was earth formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| want to help the endangered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diversity between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diversity within a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variety of biotic and abiotic communities |
|
|
Term
| Why is biodiversity important? |
|
Definition
Bioprospecting
Seed banks
Insect pollination
Bioremediation
Ecotourism
Stablilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| survey all organisms in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| could be eliminated or replaced by others with no loss in function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of a few rivets could be tolerated, while the loss of more rivets would prove critical to function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differential reproduction or survival of individuals in a population based on characteristics of individuals that have a genetic base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two species that interact closely adapt in response each other's characteristics over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human Impact
overexploitation
introduced species
pollution
Climate Change
habitat destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deforestation>erosion>mudslides
fragmentation
domino effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
habitat loss by dividing habitats into smaller patches.
domino effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declines in population density and species richness, and community composition, interactions and functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generation to generation change in a population’s allele frequencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
|
|
Term
| Causes for Microevolution |
|
Definition
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene flow
Mutation
Non-random mating |
|
|
Term
| What can change population genetic structure? |
|
Definition
selection
mutation
migration
genetic drift
non-random mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pushes mean of population away from current value
common in changing environments
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
selects for extremes
may lead to speciation
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreses diversity in the population
removes harmful alleles
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removes harmful alleles
usually decreases diversity within populations
can increase or decrease diversity between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
introduces new alleles
increases diversity within populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
introduces new alleles
increases diversity within populations
decreases diversity between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
random change in allele frequencies due to sampling error
does not lead to adaptation
small populations
loss of genetic variation
alleles can be lost (fixed)
decreases diversity within populations
increases diversity between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random difference between expectation and actual results |
|
|
Term
| difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are gene flow & genetic drift important for conservation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
selection of mates
led to sexually dimorphic traits that make individuals more attractive to mates
can change population genetic structure
alters genotypic frequencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differential reproduction based on the ability to gain access to mates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between sexes, females choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and can interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time
all of the influences in those units |
|
|
Term
| Ways of Describing Populations |
|
Definition
Size - # of individuals
Density - # of individuals/unit area
Dispersion - distribution of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Population size determined by: |
|
Definition
Birth
Death
Immigration
Emigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quadrant grids (get number of one and multiply)
mark/recapture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once you have a size divide by area you are totaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and other survival necessities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can’t be good at all these things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and other survival necessities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can’t be good at all these things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Population Growth: Exponential Growth |
|
Definition
Assumes no limits on growth - no competition
Equation: Delta N/Delta t = rN
N = population size
t = time (in years, months, etc.)
r = intrinsic rate of increase
(birth rate per individual given the environment)
= birth rate (b) - death rate (d)
Growth is density independent |
|
|
Term
| Population Growth: Logistic Growth |
|
Definition
Assumes limits on growth - competition limit resources
Equation: Delta N/ Delta t = rN ((K-N)/K)
N = population size
t = time (in years, months, etc.)
r = intrinsic rate of increase
(birth rate per individual given the environment)
= birth rate (b) - death rate (d)
K = carrying capacity of habitat
Growth is density dependent (rate of growth depends on size) |
|
|
Term
| Factors that regulate growth |
|
Definition
Density-dependent factors
Usually biotic: competition, predation
Change life history traits like survivorship and fecundity
Density-independent factors
Usually related to abiotic environment
Weather patterns, cold snaps, hurricanes, volcanos,
drought, others |
|
|
Term
| Density-dependent factors |
|
Definition
Usually biotic: competition, predation
Change life history traits like survivorship and fecundity
competition predation (intra-specific comp)
K selected |
|
|
Term
| Density-independent factors |
|
Definition
Usually related to abiotic environment
Weather patterns, cold snaps, hurricanes, volcanos,
drought, others
r selected
large animals are immune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population growth model that incorporates competition among members of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proportion of individuals that are at each age
Has big impact on dynamics and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
series of subpopulations connected by migration in a particular region
- protected areas should be large to maintain large populations that won’t go extinct
- alternative is to connect smaller areas with corridors to allow migration
- if metapopulations exist we need to preserve areas that don’t currently have populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Species with high juvenile mortality -
very sensitive to adult mortality
Species with high survivorship -
sensitive to age-specific fecundity |
|
|
Term
| Population Viability Analysis |
|
Definition
probability that a population will go extinct over
a certain time period (often 95% chance of 100 yrs)
Combines demography and geographic structure |
|
|
Term
| Interactions among species have two main outcomes |
|
Definition
(1) affect the distribution and abundance of the interacting species
(2) they are agents of natural selection and thus affect the evolution of the interacting species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species living in he same community using all the resources required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all interacting species in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biological community consists of interacting species, usually living within a defined area - all living components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Species may benefit from interactions - represented as +
Species may suffer from interactions - represented as -
Species may have no effect from interactions - represented as 0
Species interactions may affect the distribution and abundance of a particular species.
Species act as agents of natural selection when they interact. May result in a coevolutionary arms race between interacting species.
The outcome of interactions is dynamic and conditional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
predator and prey foce the other to adapt
arms=predator
defense=prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the sum total of an organism’s use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
Basis for much of our theory about interactions among organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a –/– interaction that occurs when individuals use the same limited resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intraspecific competition
Interspecific competition |
|
|
Term
| Intraspecific competition |
|
Definition
| occurs between members of the same species - major cause of density-dependent growth. |
|
|
Term
| Interspecific competition |
|
Definition
| occurs between members of different species. Interspecific competition occurs when the niches of two species overlap. |
|
|
Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
|
Definition
it is not possible for species within the same niche to coexist.
occurs when competition is asymmetric and niches overlap completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resources used or conditions competitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resources used or conditions tolerated when competition does occur. |
|
|
Term
| niche differentiation or character displacement |
|
Definition
| niches of two species do not overlap completely, the weaker species retreats into an area of nonoverlap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two species that have the same niche not being able to survive in the same community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms consume the same resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals occupy space, preventing access to resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism grows over another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one species produces toxins that negatively affect another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mobile organisms protect a feeding or breeding territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms interfere directly for acces to specific resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consumption is a +/- relationship where one organism ingests another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the killing and consumption of most or all of another individual by a predator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism, or host, by a parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the gradual consumption of a host by another organism, with the host eventually dying. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the consumption of plant tissues by herbivores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are defenses that are always present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the close resemblance of one species for another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the resemblance of two harmful prey species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the resemblance of an innocuous prey species to a dangerous prey species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are defenses produced only when prey are threatened. |
|
|
Term
| top-down control hypothesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| poor-nutrition hypothesis |
|
Definition
| quality of resources available limits herbivores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants produce toxins to repel herbivores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are +/+ interactions that involve a wide variety of organisms and rewards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biological communities are stable, integrated, and orderly entities with a highly predictable composition.
pass through a series of predictable stages dictated by extensive interactions among species - final is climax community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| final stage of community development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
community found in a particular area is neither stable nor predictable
largely a matter of chance whether a similar community develops in the same area after a disturbance occurs
abiotic factors much more important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has a much greater impact on the surrounding species than its abundance would suggest - major influence on community composition
clements (superorganism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is an event that removes some individuals from a community. It alters some aspect of resource availability.
Clements-if you disturb it, it should go back. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its organisms as well as organisms that live above the surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact. The specific sequence of species that appears over time is the successional pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Predicting outcome of succession |
|
Definition
the particular traits of the species involved
how species interact
historical and environmental circumstances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weed
first organisms to arrive at a newly disturbed site—have good dispersal ability and weedy histories. |
|
|
Term
| Three effects on subsequent species in succesion |
|
Definition
| facilitation, tolerance, inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants through photosynthesis, die and decompose, then become organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seedlings can tolerate much more shaded conditions and others can't grow under their own shade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once species can occupy space, make chemicals to inhibit growth and germination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of individuals in a population per unit area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the number of species in a given community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a weighted measure that incorporates a species' relative abundance as well as its presence or absence. |
|
|
Term
| How do we measure Species Diversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high-productivity hypothesis |
|
Definition
| productivity promotes speciation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperature affects productivity & the ability to tolerate conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tropical regions have had more time for speciation. |
|
|
Term
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
|
Definition
| moderate disturbance promotes high species richness and diversity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how common each species is in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total amount of photosynthesis per unit area per year - measured as gross (GPP) or net (NPP). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of how much a community is affected by a disturbance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of how quickly a community recovers after a disturbance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the organisms that live in an area along with their abiotic (physical) environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organisms that get food from same type of source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inks among organisms in an ecosystem - include primary producers, primary and secondary consumers, decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
links abiotic environment, producers, consumers and decomposers
Measured using net primary productivity |
|
|
Term
| Limits to Productivity in Terrestrial ecosystems |
|
Definition
| temperature, water, sunlight (most tropical forests are high) |
|
|
Term
| Limits to Productivity in Marine ecosystems |
|
Definition
| nutrients (river mouths and coastal upwellings are high) |
|
|
Term
| Up Food Webs Productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between abiotic and biotic parts of ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
| between trophic levels most energy is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nutrients are taken up by plants (typically)
Eaten by animals When either dies, decomposers consume them
Eventually form soil, including humus
Converted back to inorganic form
[image]
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Control of decomposition is most important
- Influenced by temperature, precipitation, characteristics of detritus (e.g. high in lignin or low in nitrogen)
Boreal vs. Tropical soils (influence of temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in between levels as heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the most impt nutrient in and around organisms
great thermal buffer
the key in living systems and how they function
water leaves plants through open stomates and transpiration |
|
|
Term
| human effect on nutrient removal |
|
Definition
| buffer for runoff, cover crop, terracing |
|
|
Term
| water leaves plants through |
|
Definition
| open stomates and transpiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human imacts on water cycle |
|
Definition
falling h2o tables, getting deeper and deeper
salination of agricultural lands
pollution of h2o tables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most is stored as fossil fuels
ocean is carbonic and acidic
fossil deposits = oil, gas, coal
oceans are repiratory of carbon - increasing co2 in atmosphere increases in oceans
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oceans; photosynthesis in algae
cellular repiration
eaten or decomposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rising co2 levels in oceans |
|
|
Term
| Human Impacts on co2 levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earth breathing
inhale summer, exhale winter
dating ice cores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to get nitrogen from atmosphere |
|
Definition
bacteria in soil and ocean create compounds we use
n2>nitrite>nitrate
|
|
|
Term
| How to get n2 into atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to harvest and take n2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over fertilization and chemical production of n2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphate pollution: lake eutrophication (not using detergents with phosphates)
sulfur oxide and nitrogen pollution: acid rain (mandated scrubbers in the stacks)
CFC pollution: ozone hold (blue region) over antartica: in every spray can outlawed the use of CFC's |
|
|
Term
| Hypothesis of why green algae are closest to land plants |
|
Definition
1. Chloroplasts
2. Photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll a & b
3. accessory pigment – β - carotene
4. thylakoids
5. composition of cell walls
6. synthesis of starch storage product
7. structure and composition of sperm
8. structure and composition of peroxisomes (digestion) |
|
|
Term
| Man evolved from apes or chimps… |
|
Definition
| No, Chimpanzees and humans had a common less specialized ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Human linage has evolved in a nice linear progression ending in modern man…. |
|
Definition
| No, human evolution is more like a bush than a ladder |
|
|
Term
| Because of their large brain men could walk… |
|
Definition
| No, upright posture (bipedalism) evolved prior to enlargement of brain. Upright posture 4-6 million years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primates are one order of
placental mammals
General features include:
Opposable thumb
Forward facing eyes
Well developed cerebral cortex
Dexterous and sensitive hands
Omnivorous
Characteristics for arboeal life-style
Shoulder joints allowing brachiation (swinging locomotion)
Eyes close together – good depth perception
Extensive parental care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tarsiers
Pottos
Lemurs
arboreal
mainly nocturnal
grasping hands
binocular vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bipedalism
larger brains
increase dependence on sight
increase in social bahaviors and parental care |
|
|
Term
| Anatomic changes associated with bipedalism: |
|
Definition
| Angle of pelvic bones Angle femurs meet pelvis Bones of foot Angle spine joins skull Curvature of the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]Homo language, control of fire
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Existed from 2.4 to 1.6 mya Made primitive tools Brain capacity (650 cm3) larger than that of the Australopithecines Fossils are generally found in the same regions of Africa where Australopithecines are found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolved about 1. 8 mya Brain capacity 1100 cm3 Skilled tool maker Hunted large prey in groups Built fires hominids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cold adapted Died out about 30,000 yrs ago in Europe & W. Asia |
|
|
Term
| Milestones of human evolution: |
|
Definition
| Upright bipedal posture Brain enlargement Less prognathic jaw Less sexual dimorphism Prolonged childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to accumulate and pass on knowledge to future generations. |
|
|
Term
| Main stages of human culture |
|
Definition
Nomadic hunter/gather/scavenge
100-50,000 ya
Development of agriculture
10-15,000 ya
Industrial revolution 200 ya-pres
Technological revolution? Now? |
|
|
Term
| Instead of responding evolutionarily in response to his environment |
|
Definition
| modern man has learned to control his environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
