Term
|
Definition
10-20 billilon years ago
Matter in a ball exploded and started expanding
Gradually cooled in to celestial bodies |
|
|
Term
| What do probes on Mars look for |
|
Definition
Water
Signs of life as we know it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4.55 billion years ago
No life for the first billion years it was too hot
Poisonous atmosphere
Hot water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lightning strikes
High temps cooled, H2O vapor into oceans 4.1 bya
Dynamic environment
Atmosphere
Reducing atmosphere, favored the building of larger molecules. |
|
|
Term
| How did lightning strikes influence the origin of life |
|
Definition
Energy input into H2O bodies
provide energy to form new compounds |
|
|
Term
| What was the dynamic environment of the origin of life |
|
Definition
| Strong US radiation, volcanos, earthquakes, lightning storms |
|
|
Term
| What was the atmosphere made up of in the origin of life |
|
Definition
| water vapor, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, only a small amount of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| How has life on earth changed since it's origin |
|
Definition
Photosynthetic prokaryotes have a huge impact on forward movement
Photosynthesis gives Oxygen
Creation of the ozone and protection from UV rays.
At first oxygen was poisonous, had to come up with a biochemical change |
|
|
Term
| What is the current atmosphere composed of |
|
Definition
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
.03% Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simplest until of life
chemical factory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
manages cells
issues orders through RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
operates the rest of the metabolic machinery by making proteins
codes, codes are interpreted by mRNA and tRNA
major focus of early life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aren't cells, they evolved from cells and depend on cells for life but aren't cells |
|
|
Term
| Why is DNA a good choice to hold info storage? |
|
Definition
| DNA stores, RNA interprets, Protein does work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolution before life
groups of interaction
chemicals produce products that get made into cells |
|
|
Term
| Creator of the Abiogenesis model |
|
Definition
| By Stanley Miller in the 1950s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suggested life originated in the early atmosphere
they came out with nucleotides, the building blocks of amino acids and amino acids, the building blocks of lipids, ATP, sugars and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| The abiogenesis model can be found in nature, where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
must confine inside something that resembles a cell
when mixed together, large protein and lipid molecules spontaneously form droplets called microspheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulate things going in and out
can swell and shrink through osmosis
can divide when reaching a certain size
can store energy in voltage differentials across membrane (how cells communicate) |
|
|
Term
| The origin of self replication |
|
Definition
the gene
RNA can faithfully replicate
not as well protected, subject to mutations
U replaces T
RNA can act as own enzyme, catalyzing replication other RNA
protein makes enzymes
RNA can self assemble |
|
|
Term
| What was the first genetic material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was it though that RNA was the first genetic material |
|
Definition
ability to self replicate
once you get replications you get mistakes
mistakes = mutations = diversity
Natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA
double stand (more stable)
mutations less common |
|
|
Term
| What do all bacterial currently use (R or DNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA outside of a call but DNA on the inside |
|
|
Term
| through 100's of millions of years of evolution |
|
Definition
abiotic synthesis and molecular cooperations gave rise to the first cells.
the first cells were prokaryotes formed 3.8 bya
dominated Earth for the next 2 billion years. |
|
|
Term
| 2 things leading to the origin of eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| membrane infolding and endosymbiosis |
|
|
Term
| factors causing the change from bacteria to eukaryote |
|
Definition
main membrane folds into cell, important place for reactions
invaginations
first step to photosynthesis occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some surround genetic material, nucleus mitochondria and chlorplasts |
|
|
Term
| advantages of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
sugar, selectiveness
respiration, drive ATP, provide with mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a lot of bacteria back and forth and exchange of genetic material
2 bya, oldest eukaryotic fossil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary history of groups of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relationships among taxa as a product of descent from a common ancestor
efficient mean of summarizing data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancestral species and all of its descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancestor and some of the descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summarizes overall similarity among taxa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on synapomorphies among taxa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared derived characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When reconstructing the past or solving a mystery, the simplest series of steps that lead to an outcome is the most likely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on molecular level |
|
|
Term
| How does a molecular phylogeny work? |
|
Definition
Hybridization
Compare amino acid sequences of similar proteins produced
Compare DNA sequences (genes) directly in terms of nucleotides
Compare MtDNA sequences
Compare 16s rRNA sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denature DNA of 2 species and see how well they combine together (hybridize) when mixed |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of Photosynthesis |
|
Definition
Sulfur users (light and):
2H2S + CO2 > CH2O +2S +H2O
Water users (light and):
CO2 +H2O > CH2O + O2 |
|
|
Term
| Why were Water users a major leap |
|
Definition
4 x more energy
Earth becomes oxidizing
O2 toxic to acetate and sulfur users
Ozone UV shield; terrestrial environment useable!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
570-500 mya
3 extraordinary fossil assemblages
Doushantuo (570 mya) – China
Ediacaran (565-544 mya) – Australia
Burgess Shale (525-515 mya) – Canada
all modern phyla present by end
1st evidence of a food chain
Predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
morphological
ecological (locomotion, feeding) |
|
|
Term
| Why the Cambrian diversification |
|
Definition
Higher oxygen levels
larger size
higher metabolic rates
Mass extinction-end of Proterozoic
opportunities!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ultimate fate of all species |
|
|
Term
| How do mass extinctions occur |
|
Definition
Different causes for each (most unknown)
Global events likely
Do know about the K-T extinction
Asteroid impact (10km)
History is conditional - often not possible to be adapted for extreme events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evidence for asteroid impact:
iridium concentrations /clay layer
shocked quartz
- microtektites
Yucatan Peninsula crater |
|
|
Term
| How did the asteroid cause extention |
|
Definition
vaporization of SO2
dust & wildfire smoke
global cooling
earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the 3 major lineages of life, Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
usually small |
|
|
Term
| Where do almost all bacteria fall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles in their cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DKPCOFGS, Drunk kings play chess on funny green squares |
|
|
Term
| The Ecological/Economic Importance of Bacteria... |
|
Definition
Symbiotic bacteria assist in digestion
Many bacteria are decomposers
Nitrogen fixing
aquatic ecosystems
blue green algae - anoxic environment (fish kills)
food (cheese, yogurt)
E. coli, a model organism
antibiotics
biotechnology
bioremediation (oil spill, can consume and break down mol)
Pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| Until late 1800’s we didn’t know what caused disease |
|
Definition
Pasteur
Koch
Koch’s Postulates
Found in all sick individuals
Isolate and grow in pure culture
Induces the disease in expt. animals
Isolate again from expt. animals |
|
|
Term
| How do pathogens make us sick |
|
Definition
Exotoxins proteins released by some bacterial cells, are poisonous.
Endotoxins are components of bacterial outer membranes. They cause fever, aches, and possibly shock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common shapes of bacteria |
|
Definition
Cocci[image]Bacilli
Spirochete |
|
|
Term
| Shape of bacterial chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is DNA packaged in bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some characterisitcs of bacteria |
|
Definition
| organelles, flagella, uni/multicelluar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
locomotion by other organisms
Prokaryotic flagella
recombination through conjugation
reproduce by binary fission and conjugation (tubes connect and transfer DNA)
recombination through transduction
recombination through transformation
metabolic diversity
capsules and slime
endospores |
|
|
Term
| Experiments of recombination through transduction |
|
Definition
[image]
s= succeptible
r= resistant
picking up scraps of r to make s, mouse dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Production of ATP:
1. Phototrophs
2. Organotrophs
3. Lithotrophs
Huge diversity in electron donors and acceptors during cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light, ATP through photophosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidize organic molecules, ATP through cellular respiration, or fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oxidize inorganic molecules (ammonia or methane)
ATP through cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell membrane like normal
outside that, cell wall (peptidoglycan), Polysaccharides and Proteins
in most bacteria
stain gram positive |
|
|
Term
| Gram positive and negative |
|
Definition
positive will stain, ability to be killed by antibiotics
negative has an outer-membrane, will not stain, resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by baccillis
small cell with tough coating
can sit for years
bioweaponry
resistant to UV, Gamma, desiccation, lysozyme, high temps and disinfectants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemotrophic, corkscrew locomotion, cause Lyme and disease and syphillis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasitic, gram neg, blindness and STD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clostridium, Strep, Bacilius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic, aquatic, symbiotic with fugi, fix nitrogen, stomatolites, red tides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photo and chemosynthetic, sulfur bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria, enteric bacteria, salmonella |
|
|
Term
| Archaea going to extremes |
|
Definition
maybe first life on earth
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Pyrococcus
methanogens |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorophies of Eukarya |
|
Definition
nuclear envelope
complex cytoskeleton
mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all are eukaryotic
small or large
uni and multicellular
cell or no cell wall
mobile or sessile
many lifestyles
many lifecycles
at least most aquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human health and welfare
Ecology |
|
|
Term
| Ecology aspect of studying protists |
|
Definition
• Primary producers
• Carbon sink (shells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Shells that sink to the bottom of oceans absorb carbon, taking carbon out of the system
• Helping us out with taking out excess carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• (Almost) every photosynthetic organism in the aquatic system is a protist
• Providing the sugar that everyone else needs |
|
|
Term
| o Human health and welfare of studying protists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Major evolutionary changes in protists |
|
Definition
o Compartmentalization
o Endosymbiosis
o Multicellularity
o Sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Originators of all our organelles
Compartmentalizing certain functions
Bigger cells
• Ecological interactions change
• Easier to eat bacteria
Change of surface area to volume ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Idea that a protist cell took in a bacteria
o This bacteria was left in the cell, became a mutualism
o Protista provides food, bacteria provides energy
o Became so well intertwined that the bacteria cell could no long live outside of the eukaryotic cell
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| o Evidence for endosymbiosis |
|
Definition
• Size of mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria
• Replication of mitochondria and chloroplasts occurs by fission
• Bacteria-like ribosomes
• Some chloroplasts have peptidoglycan
• Double membranes
• Circular chromosomes
• Lots of molecular (DNA) support |
|
|
Term
| o Secondary endosymbiosis |
|
Definition
• A second endosymbiotic event
• Results in the double membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colonial then multicellular
• Cellular dependence
• Cellular specialization
This specialization allows for a larger body
• Artificially increased the membrane body for digestion and food intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Meiosis
o Genetically variable offspring
o Complex lifestyles because of sexual reproduction
• Process where you can combine the genetic material from two different organisms into one organism
• Gives us diversity and variation
• Very important
• Adaptation requires this variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Haploid gametes
Reduction division
• Key to making meiosis happen
• During meiosis one
• Each cell gets one of each pair or chromosome
o Cut number of chromosomes in half
o We had to have a physical mechanism that cuts the normal # of chrom. In half
o Have to have even number of chromosomes
Allows, ultimately, for the haploid cells to join with other haploid cells to create diploid cells |
|
|
Term
| o Genetically variable offspring |
|
Definition
| • Ability to have variation because of sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| • Variation in protist lifestyles |
|
Definition
o Support and protection
o Feeding
o Movement
o Lifecycles |
|
|
Term
| o Support and protection protists |
|
Definition
• Complex cytoskeletons and organelles
• Internal skeletons
• External shells
• Multiple origins of these structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ingestion
• Engulfing or filer feeding
Absorption
• Decomposers or parasites
Photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Cell crawling
• Cilia and Flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Reproduction, alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Amoebozoa
o Excavata
o Plantae
o Rhizaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Lobose amoebae
• Cellular slime molds
• Plasmodial slime molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
o Amorphous cells with extensions
Feeding and movement
o Engulf food particles
o Cell crawling
Reproduction
o Asexual and sexual
Human impact
o Several important parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Multinucleate
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Parabasilids
• Diplomonads
• Euglenids
• Kinetoplastids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 1 nucleus
• No cell wall
• Ingest bacteria
• All parasitic
• Mostly asexual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Parasitic
• 2 nuclei
• No cell wall or mitochondria
• Ingest bacteria
• Swim with flagella
• Only asexual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Some have chloroplasts
• Most do not have cell walls
• Unicellular
• Eat bacteria
• Some do photosynthesis
• Only asexual reproduction
• Ecological importance- part of the plankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non photosynthetic
Large parasites
o African Sleeping Sickness
o Makes you sleepy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Multi-cellular
• Large organisms
• All photosynthetic
• Sexual and asexual
• Alternation of generations
• Contribute to coral reefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Have different patterns of pores
• Single cells
• Many nuclei
• Crawl/ swim
• Engulf things
• Asexual and sexual
• Fossils form chalk, use to date |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ciliates
Dinoflaggelates
Apicomplexa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
-2 nuclei (macro and micro)
-Some with exoskeleton
-Alveola (sm. sacs) under plasma membrane
-unicellular
Feeding and Movement
-Filter feeders, predators, or parasites
-Swim with cilia
Reproduction
-Asexual and conjugation
Human/Ecological Impact
Abundant in marine plankton; digestive tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
-Most unicellular
-Some colonial
-Plates of cellulose
-No histones
-Alveola (sm. sacs) under plasma membrane
Feeding and Movement
-Photosynthetic, predatory, or parasitic
-Swim with flagella
Reproduction
-Asexual and sexual
Human/Ecological Impact
-Primary producers; red tides
-Most ocean dwelling
-bioluminescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
-Apical complex
-Reduced cholorplasts
Feeding and Movement
-Parasitic
-Some cell crawling
Reproduction
-Asexual and sexual
Human/Ecological Impact
-Malaria (Plasmodium)
-Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HbA, HbA non
HbA, HbS carrier
HbS, HbS SCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oomycetes
Diatoms
Phaeophyta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
-Unicellular or filamentous
-Multinucleate cells
-Cell walls of cellulose
-Flagella – during some stage
Feeding and Movement
-Most aquatic detritivores
-Some parasitic
-Do not move
Reproduction
-Asexual and sexual
-Spores w/flagella
Human/Ecological Impact
-Aquatic decomposers
-Irish potato famine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology
-Unicellular
-Cell walls of silica
-Flagella – during some stage
Feeding and Movement
-Photosynthetic
-Float or glide on bottom
Reproduction
-Asexual and sexual
-Human/Ecological Impact
-Important in plankton
-Diatomaceous earth for filtering, polishing – paint etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Brown algae)
Morphology
-All multicellular
-Cell walls of cellulose
-Flagella – during some stage
Feeding and Movement
-Photosynthetic
-Unique pigments
-Sessile with holdfast
Reproduction
-Asexual and sexual
-Reproductive cells w/flagella
-Alternation of generations
Human/Ecological Impact
-Kelp forests
-Sargasso Sea |
|
|
Term
| major ecological roles of plants |
|
Definition
produce oxygen
build soil
hold soil
hold water
moderate local climate
food for other life |
|
|
Term
| Why green algae are the closest to land plants |
|
Definition
morphological similarities
chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigments
accessory pigments
thylakoids
composition of cell walls
synthesis of starch storage product
structure and composition of sperm
structure and composition and peroxisomes (digestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key to the move to dry land? |
|
Definition
Sporopollenin
waterproof
durable
resistant to UV radiation |
|
|
Term
| Terrestrial challenges of algae |
|
Definition
air has no support to fight gravity
les water, dessication
nutrients and water are in soil, but co2 and sunlight are above ground
UV radiation is a mutagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liverworts, hornworts, and mosses |
|
|
Term
| Lifecycle of nonvascular plants |
|
Definition
| alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations for water conservation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
devonian explosion of seedless vascular plants once vascular tissue adaptation arises
By 375 mya:
Vascular tissue
Roots
Leaves |
|
|
Term
| Evolution to upright stature |
|
Definition
Tracheids to help water pass through primary cell wall.
Lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innovations:
-Roots with vascular tissue
-Microphylls
Reproduction:
-Bisexual gametophytes
-Rare selfing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reproduction:
-Separate archagonia and antheridia
Habitat:
-Usually epiphytes in tropics |
|
|
Term
| Sphenophyta or Eqisetophyta |
|
Definition
Habitat:
-Wet, low soil O2
Form:
-Hollow stems
-Silica for support
-Some stems repro, some photosynth.
Reproduction:
-Timing of egg/sperm maturation maximizes out-crossing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spores produced on bottom of leaf
photosynthetic |
|
|
Term
| seedless vascular plants... |
|
Definition
have vascular tissue but do not make seeds
diploid/sporangia using meiosis
sporophyte > spore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gymnosperns and angiosperms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryo packed with food supply in a protective coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greater offspring suvival
seed dormancy
great offspring dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no a spore, it is actually a male gamertophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cyads
pollen
either male or female plant
males have long cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pre-adapted to cooler dryer climates
Includes:
anything that makes a pine cone (pines, furs, spruce, hemlock)
Heavy cuticle
Keep leaves year round
Bifacial cambium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
imporved 2ndary growth
embionic tissue tht produces xylem on inside, pholem on outside every year. all inside part of tree is xylem, pholem is sluffed off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]
Seed production is slow often a year or more to occur completely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
angiosperms
flowering plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flowering plants
turned cones into flowers
inside flower is both male and female parts
pollination saves energy and all drastic selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bioprospecting
ex. willow = asprin |
|
|
Term
| new evolutionary adaptations angiosperms |
|
Definition
more efficient water transport system
development of flower and fruit
faster seed production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hole all the way through primary cell wall
completely dead
vessels now, not tracheids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]
double fertilization |
|
|
Term
| ecological, historical and commercial importance of fungi |
|
Definition
Many plant diseases are caused by
parasitic fungi
all things we ferment we use fungi
fungi used to make cheeses
used to make drugs
Hallucinogenic mushrooms
Truffles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multicelluar,eukaryotic,absorptive heterotroph
Yeasts evolved from multicellular ancestor.
Use exoenzymes
Avascular
Molds, yeasts, & mushrooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general characteristic of hyphae |
|
Definition
Hyphae don’t grow in width, just length.
“Move” by growing
Fruiting bodies - overnight! |
|
|
Term
| how many mycelluim is a cluster of muchrooms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decomposers (saprobes)
parasites (corn Smut, Black Stem Rust (Wheat), Ergots (Rye)
predators |
|
|
Term
| Of the 100,000 or so species of fungi: |
|
Definition
1/3 are mutualistic in mycorrhizae and lichens.
1/3 are decomposers (saprobes).
1/3 are parasites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semi aquatic, flagellated spore, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
should be in fungi
closest protist to ancestor
infect humans and organs
don't make spore structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes deformations in frogs
Some chytrid fungi are symbiotic cellulose digesters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms on food when left out for too long |
|
|
Term
| what type of sexes do fungi have |
|
Definition
| +/- not male and female, cannot tell them apart until they come into contact |
|
|
Term
| Specialized Lifestyle: Mycorrhizae |
|
Definition
many plants cannot germinate without fungus
ex. orchids
huge nutrient supply to plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Club Fungi
dicartoye forms mushroom
in gills dicaryotic combine > meiosis >spores |
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|
Term
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Definition
Sac Fungi
smooth structures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Specialized Lifestyle: Yeasts |
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Definition
never do sex, just clone
haploid cell/ spore just clones |
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Term
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Definition
composite organisms
grow on rocks and trees
fungi provides semi aquatic environment for algae to thrive and do photosynthesis and fix carbon. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristics define an animal? |
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Definition
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Ingestive
-Heterotroph
Motile
Lack cell walls
Sexual reproduction
Diploid, except for gametes
Excitable (nervous & muscular) tissue
Similar embryology (blastula & gastrula) |
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Term
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Definition
Suspensions feeders
deposit feeders
herbivores
predators
parasites |
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Term
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Definition
gills (clam)
legs (krill)
Baleen (whale) |
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Term
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Definition
earthworms eat their way through soil
insect larvae eat their way through plant tissues or animal carcasses |
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Term
| some animals float for food |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| insects, mollusks, mosquito, salamander, frogs |
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Term
| incomplete vs. complete metamorphosis |
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Definition
complete goes through larval stage
incomplete goes through nymph stage, then gets wings |
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Term
| example of complete metamorphosis |
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Definition
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Term
| example of incomplete metamorphosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphological diversity of animals |
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Definition
symmetry
headedness
tissues
body cavity
patterns of development |
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Term
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Definition
asymmetric (sponge)
radial (multiple planes)
bilateral (singular plane) |
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Term
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Definition
bilateral (front/back)
if you can sense your environment first, you'll do better.
brain, eyes, nose etc
directional movement |
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Term
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Definition
no specilization (sponges)
diploblasts
triploblasts |
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Term
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Definition
have two embryonic tissue layers and radial symmetry
endo and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
have three embryonic tissue layers and bilateral symmetry
endo, ecto, and mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
as the endo and ecto form, a part break of forming the mesoderm,
evolution of the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Coelom –
Container for circulation of oxygen and nutrients
Space for organs to move independently of one another
Have to go through a cell to get |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sister group to animals
unicellular/colonial protists
suspension feed by flagella
asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
ancient lineage
mostly asymmetrical
specialized cell types
no distinct tissues
asexual or sexual reproduction
internal strucutures
-glass
-proteins (sponges) |
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Term
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Definition
diploblast, radial symmetry
one body opening, never form the anus
stinging cells
most go through both stages, medusa and polyp
corals are ecologically the most important |
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Term
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Definition
| one body opening, never form the anus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
diploblast, radial symmetry
one body opening
move by beating rows of cilia |
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Term
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Definition
triploblast, bilateral symmetry
0-2 openings to gut
move by cilia on surface |
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Term
| protostomes vs. deutrostomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the development of a head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Rotifera
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Arthropoda |
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Term
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Definition
No gut
No coelom
"flat worm" |
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Term
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Definition
Segmentation
earth worms
leech
every unit has digestive, excretory, nervous and reproductive parts |
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Term
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Definition
Muscular foot
Mantle - secretes the shell
CaCO3 shell
visceral mass
clam, snail, octopus |
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Term
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Definition
Pseudocoelom
No circular muscles
Not segmented
Chitin
major parasitic organisims
hydrostatic skeleton
hook, pig, fish, pin, and heartworm |
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Term
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Definition
muscular wall - fluid filled cavity
like hydraulic fluid
they've lost their round muscles so they just flap back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
Segmentation
Chitinous exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
first to successfully move onto land
largest group on earth
reverse joint from us |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthropoda, spider, horseshoe crab, scorpion, ant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Arthropoda, two antennae, must stay in moise places, have not gotten rid of their gills
crabs |
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Term
| Arthropoda solved what probelms |
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Definition
same as the plants
chitin as support
internal series of tubes
drying out >waxy cuitcle
exchange gas > series of trachae
reproduction, internal, mating |
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Term
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Definition
echinodermata
hemichordata
xenoturbelida
chordata |
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Term
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Definition
radial symm
do not much much
sensory all the way around
larvea develop as bilateral, then metamorph
move by water vascular system (podia)
most are predators
starfish |
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Term
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Definition
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal slits
post anal tail |
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Term
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Definition
chordata, lancelets
filter feeder
no vertebrae
primal |
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Term
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Definition
chordata, tunicate
move as larvae > metamorhp >adult
early on has all characteristics, then they lose them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fish shaped
no jaw, rasping teeth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sharks and rays
catrlidge for bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| same strucutes in the fins as the bones in our arms |
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Term
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Definition
lungfish
turned swim bladder into lung
can go across land for several days to get to new water |
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Term
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Definition
like mosses and ferns, have to have water to lay eggs
apoda (caecilians)
uropoda (salamanders and newts)
anura (frogs and toads) |
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Term
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Definition
Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians |
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Term
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Definition
egg laying mammals (platy)
lack placenta |
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Definition
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Definition
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