Term
| When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when... |
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Definition
| the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration |
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Term
| The rate of diffusion is affected by... |
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Definition
| temperature, size of molecules, steepness of the concentration gradient |
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Term
| True/False: The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move. |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the biomembrane that separates the internal contents of a cell from its external environment. |
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Term
| Roles of the Cell Membrane/Biomembrane |
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Definition
| Selective uptake and export of ions and molecules, cell compartmentalization, protein sorting, anchoring of the cytoskeleton, production of energy intermediates such as ATP and NADPH, cell signaling, cell and nuclear division, adhesion of cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| a function of the membrane that regulates the traffic of substances into and out of the cell and its organelles including ions, small molecules, and large molecules. |
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Term
| Three components of the structure of a membrane |
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Definition
| Biological Membranes are made up of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates. |
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Definition
| form basic matrix of membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| are embedded in the membrane or loosely attached to the surface of the membrane |
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Term
| Carbohydrates relating to the membrane |
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Definition
| A third component is carbohydrate, which may be attached to membrane lipids and proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Framework of the membrane |
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Term
| Phospholipid bilayer consists of |
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Definition
| Two layers of lipids. The most abundant lipids found in membranes are the phospholipids. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules meaning they have a hydrophobic(water fearing) region and a hydrophilic (water-loving) region. The hydrophobic tails of the lipids, referred to as fatty acyl tails, form the interior of the membrane and the hydrophilic head groups are on the surface. |
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Term
| True/False: Most membranes have carbohydrates attached to lipids and proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner mitochondrial membrane has carbohydrates (True/False) |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False - The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells can have a large amount of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| A typical membrane found in cell organelles contain how much protein and lipids? |
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Definition
| About 50% protein and the remaining is mostly lipids |
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Term
| True/False - Lipid molecules outnumber proteins by 50 to 1 |
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Definition
| True. The mass of one lipid molecule is much less than the mass of a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Go through the membrane allowing passage through. Performs transportation and signaling. |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| is close to membrane but does not stick to it. Performs signaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sticks to membrane and moves alongside. Does not go through membrane. Performs signaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes how the membrane stays fluid |
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Term
| True/False - Membrane is relatively still |
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Definition
| False. The membrane must move to function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Half of a phospholipid bilayer, which faces a different region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleus is a membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaphase is a stage in mitosis and meiosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Definition: Radial microtubule arrays in animal cells which are located around each pair of centrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Definition: A thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell's cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Definition: Centrioles are cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient- that is, from a region of low concentration to higher concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| In molecules, meaning they have a hydrophobic(water-fearing)region and hydrophillic(water-loving) region. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of transport that bonds two or more ions or molecules and transports them in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three-dimensional cell pore that allows water to diffuse through the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| For dissolved substances, occurs when a solute moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations. Water diffuses from a solution that is hypotonic(lower solute concentration) into a solution that is hypertonic(higher solute concentration). |
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Term
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Definition
| A common category of pump found in all living cells; this transporter has a binding site for ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface that shields the cell from mechanical and chemical damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pore formed by proteins that allows movement of ions and molecules across membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from two or more atoms that are connected by chemical bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of any substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon: 12 grams of carbon equals 1 mole, while 1 g of hydrogen equals one mole. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L. of water |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of cell shrinkage that occurs if animal cells are placed in a hypertonic medium- water exits the cell via osmosis and equalizes solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pump that generates an electrical gradient across the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which the plasma membrane invaginates, or folds inward, to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transport of molecules across plasma membranes down a concentration gradient with the aid of membrane transport proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quality of biomembranes that means that individual molecules are in close association yet have the ability to readily move within the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accepted model of the plasma membrane; its basic framework is the phospholipid layer |
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Term
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Definition
| A channel that can open to allow the diffusion of solutes or close to block diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbohydrate attached to a lipid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbohydrate attached to a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of covalently attaching a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid in the cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Term
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Definition
| The solute concentration inside the cell is higher relative to the outside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The solute concetration outside the cell is lower relative to the inside of the cell. |
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Term
| integral membrane protein |
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Definition
| A protein that cannot be released from the membrane unless it is dissolved with an organic solvent or detergent. |
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Term
| ion electrchemical gradient |
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Definition
| A dual gradient that has both a chemical gradient and an electrical gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of solute dissolved in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| The solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Half of a cell's phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A channel controlled by the noncovalent binding of small molecules--called ligands-- such as hormones or neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way for the proteins to associate with the plasma membrane;involves the covalent attachment of a lipid to an amino acid side chain within a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A channel that is sensitive to changes in membrane tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| The traffic of substances into and out of the cell and its organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| The hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane due to osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion that occurs through a membrane without the aid of a transport protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of a solute across a membrane in a process that is energetically favorable and does not require an input of energy. |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane Protein |
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Definition
| A protein that is noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to the polar head groups of phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs particulate matter, which usually is then destroyed by proteases or oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic framework of the cellular membrane, consisting of two layers of lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of endocytosis that involves the formation of membrane vesicles from the plasma membrane as a way for cells to internalize the extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biomembrane that separates the internal contents of a cell from its external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of transport that involves pumps that directly use energy and generate a solute gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transporter that directly couples its conformational changes to an energy source, such as ATP hydrolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecular roadmap of the steps that direct the pumping of ions across the plasma membrane. |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| A common form of endocytosis in which a receptor is specific for a given cargo. |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| A type of transport that involves the utilization of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of a solute. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of the plasma membrane that allows the cell to maintain a favorable internal environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quality of motion within biomembranes, considered two-dimensional, which means that movement occurs within the plane of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of transport that binds two or more ions or molecules and transports them in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The higher concentration of a solute on one side of the membrane than the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that has one or more regions that are physically embedded in the hydrophobic region of the cells phospholipid bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell region that is a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids that spans or traverses the membrane from one leaflet to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer that allow plasma membranes to be selectively permeable by providing a passageway for the movement of some but not all substances through the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that transports molecules by binding them on one side of the membrane and then changing conformation so that the molecule is released to the other side of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of transport that binds a single molecule or ion and transports it across the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of a lipid when a double bond is formed. |
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Term
| voltage-gated (ion) channel |
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Definition
| A channel that opens and closes in response to the amount of electric charge across the membrane. |
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