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| Cells grow in size and the organelles increase in number |
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| Period between mitosis events (3 stages) |
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| Each of the two identical strands of chromosomes after DNA replication, attached at the centrome. |
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| Programmed cell death. Happens to cells that fail to pass through a checkpoint. |
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| Proteins that activate kinases, which in turn activates enzymes. |
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| Enzymes that remove phosphate from ATP and put it in another protein. |
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| Nuclear division which leaves the chromosome number constant. |
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| Region where chromatids are attached. |
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| Protein complexes that form on the centrosome. |
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| The structure that brings about chromosome movement during cell division. |
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| The main microtubule in the spindle; divided prior to mitosis. -contains centrioles; barell shaped organelles. |
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| -cromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible-nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane fragments |
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| -the chromosomes are attached to the spindle as they align toward the metaphase plate (equatorial line in the cell) |
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| -the chromsosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) are aligned at the metaphase plate (cell equator) |
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| -the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate at the centomeres |
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| -the spindle disassembles and disappears-only cytokinesis is left |
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| Animals-cleavage furrow indents the plasma membrane between the daughter nuclei |
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| Plants-a cell plate develops between the two daughter cells, where the new cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall form |
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| The Cell Cycle and Cancer |
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Definition
| -Cancer has a genetic basis; accumulated mutations in the DNA of a cell can lead to cancer |
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| Characteristics of Cancer Cells |
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| -have abnormal nuclei, have abnormal number of chromosomes-do not undergo apoptosis so they are immortal |
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| can occur- the tumor cells travel to other parts of the body and establish tumors. This is known as malignancy. |
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| -Many factors contribute to carcinogenesis (origination of cancer). |
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| -no membrane enclosure; simply exists in the ctyoplasm-one chromosome which contains DNA and a few associated proteins |
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| condensed region containing the chromosome |
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| -asexual reproduction in bacteria that produce two genetically identical daughter cells |
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| it keeps the chromosome number constant from one generation to the next-generates a huge amount of genetic variation |
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| -a process in which two nuclear divisions produces 4 haploid (1n) daughter cells-ensures that each offspring will have a different combination of chromosomes and genes than either of their parents. |
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| ensures that offspring will have a different combination of genes than their parents |
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| the coming together of 2 homologous chromosomes resulting in a bivalaent-the two chromosomes in close association |
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