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shared derived character
=apomorphy that occurs in two or more taxa.
A given synapomorphy evolved in the MOST RECENT common ancestor of the taxa that possess it, and it was inherited by each taxon from that ancestor
Help point out clades/monophyletic groups to the cladist. All of the taxa that possess a given synapomorphy, but not other taxa, belong to a clade |
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| apomorphy (derived characteristic) in only 1 species |
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trait shared between 2 or more taxa, but which is also shared with other taxa that have an earlier common ancestor with the taxa under consideration
Doesn’t tend to shed light on relationships between group and close relatives
Ex: amphibians, mammals, snakes, crocs, ostriches, hawks, etc… united by synapomorphic trait of 4 legs. Doesn’t give you that much information though |
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| (homologous) genes in different species that are similar because they originated from a common ancestor |
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| (homologous) genes that arose from a gene duplication event |
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| study of the process by which an organism becomes a fossil |
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250MA
At boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic)
Claimed 96% of marine animal life; 70% of terrestrial vertebrates and insects, all in <5MA |
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| Pangaea's effect on extinction rates |
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(somewhere near middle of Permian period)
Major consequences for oceans, circulation of air patterns
Gradual movement may help to explain gradual nature of some extinction patterns
(Sessile organisms particularly affected) |
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| Mechanisms for extinction (maybe) |
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Sea-level change
Increased aridity
Shifts in ocean currents
Bolide impacts: impacts of extraterrestrial impacts that could disrupt planet and its ecological/physical systems.
Massive volcanism on a global scale
Methane belch |
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550MA
explosion of lifeforms, diversity;
all of living phyla become present at this time |
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| geological signature in strata with increased Iridian. Dated at 65MA |
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colonies of prokaryotic bacteria that create a hard structure on which they live. (created 1st ecosystems?)
3.5BA (Pre-Cambrian; oldest fossil prokaryotes) |
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| end Pleistocene extinction events (date?) |
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| Archaen, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic |
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| 3 eras of the Phanerozoic |
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| Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
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| where original biological tissue is replaced by exogenous elements (ex: petrified wood) |
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| study of extant/living beings |
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| hypothetical recent ancestor where we can't determine relative timing within groups of offshoot taxa. You can have many taxa. (we STRIVE for bifricate diagrams on the assumption that's how lineage occurs) |
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| evolutionary developmental biology |
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| study of the genetic mechanisms that regulate ontogenetic processes in a comparative evolutionary framework |
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new anatomical structure (arise in a stepwise fashion: adding new features onto old structures)
ex: eyes: pigmented cells-->photoreceptors-->pinhole camera-->primitive lens-->complex camera |
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incapable of mobility
(ex: plants) |
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| Populations that are in the process of diverging to the point of speciation but still have the potential to interbreed. |
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| Insects speciating because they take over different plants; in same habitat, but separate microhabitats-- |
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| classical view of genetics |
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| selection reduces allelic variation over time, promoting uniformity at most loci; most variation is harmful |
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| selection preserves variation, promoting heterozygosity at most loci to hedge bets against environmental change |
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| "obstacles" to Darwinian Evolution |
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Is the Earth old enough to allow a slow pattern of change to produce the diversity of species we see today?
Missing links in fossil record?
If characters are "blended" during inheritance, how will natural selection be able to act on clear differences? (genetics not understood then) |
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