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Darwin's Observations (4) |
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1. Artificial selection in domestic breeding
2. Variation
3. Struggle for existence
4. Traits are somehow passed from parents to offspring |
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The recognition that species have changed over time
(Many Pre-Darwinian thinkers recognized this already) |
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The manner and rate by which species change
(Darwin argued that species evolved by "insensible degrees," by which he meant that change was slow, continuous, and gradual
vs: punctuated equilibria)
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The PROCESS that causes species to change over time
For Darwin and Wallace: natural selection
For LaMarck: "besoins" (needs of organism) |
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contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation (quantified RELATIVE to other individuals) |
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phenotypic plasticity (nongenetic)
Ex: butterfly colors based on food, time of emergence from cocoon (not genetics) |
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| heritable feature that varies |
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| variant of a character/heritable feature that varies |
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| heterozygote for one character |
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| heterozygote for two characters |
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| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| 2 alleles for each character segregate during gamete production |
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| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation |
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| single gene, many effects |
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| one gene affects expression of another gene |
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| characters that vary in population (in gradations) |
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| classified on an either/or basis |
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| all the loci in all the individuals of the population |
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| group in same area that interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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| a prediction of the allele and genotype frequencies of a group of offspring given the allele frequencies of the parental generation. The H-W principle demonstrates that, in the absence of external forces, allele and genotype frequencies do not change across generations. This is important because if allelic frequencies are observed to change, it usually indicates that an interesting evolutionary force has acted |
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| Hardy Weinberg conditions |
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Definition
1. Large population (No genetic drift)
2. Isolated from other populations of same species (No gene flow)
3. No mutation
4. Random mating
5. No natural selection |
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| changes in an allele frequency in a population over time |
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| In sexually reproducing organisms, individuals tend to pair with other individuals that are SIMILAR to them. |
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| frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
when the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population
ex: right vs left-mouthed predatory cichlids |
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| (males?) competing amongst themselves Ex: elephant seals, shows of dominance to get control of harem |
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| (females?) choosing other sex Ex: peahens choosing peacocks based on tail displays |
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| females invest more in gamete formation (possible reason for intrasexual selection) |
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| same sized gametes from both parents |
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| traits selected for by opposite sex |
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| Dangerous creatures look like other dangerous creatures |
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| Something harmless mimics something dangerous |
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| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| species are separate if they can't produce viable offspring |
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| prezygotic isolating mechanisms (5) |
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Definition
habitat
temporal
behavioral
mechanical
gametic |
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| postzygotic isolating mechanisms (3) |
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Definition
reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown |
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| chromosomes (of which there are more than 2) derive from more than one species |
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| multiple (>2) chromosomes derived from a single species |
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counterexample to biological species concept
ex: Ensatina (salamanders) interbreed in nature at boundaries, produce viable offspring. According to BSC, these would have to be a single species. BUT towards south, geographically separated, where there's a natural break between the two groups, they are inviable with each other. |
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| splitting of a population by geographic barrier--natural means of isolating populations |
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| A type of allopatric speciation; a subset of original population is spacially separated but not out of contact |
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| patches of higher diversity than surrounding areas. (left uncovered by Ice in Ice Age--species diversified, then spread out... but it takes time to diffuse, so there are still clumps of high diversity) |
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| capable of movement, surpassing geographic isolation (affects gene flow; counteracts vicariance) |
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| rapid formation of new clades in punctuated equilibrium model of evolution |
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| phyletic gradualism: slow, gradual model of species formation |
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| ex: perfect structures, such as the eye |
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master regulatory genes in animals. Determine timing and growth of major components in organisms
Hox: duplication led to vertebrates |
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| study of size versus shape, sense in which different parts of organisms can grow at different rates. Changes in shape of organism over time. |
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| beneficiary and unaffected partner |
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transformation of 1 body part into another.
Ex: jaw, bones in ear |
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| rate at which differences in neutral mutations accumulate, calibrated against fossils--can figure out when 2 species last shared a common ancestor |
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| classification of organisms based on shared ancestry |
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