Term
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Definition
| way to acquire new info, good natural history, consistent long-term monitoring, andvanced mapping/sensing methods |
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Definition
| separate (independent) units of study that are treated as identically as possible--tests variability factors |
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Definition
| unmanipulated units that provide a baseline for comparison... how organisms or systems will change over space or time |
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Definition
| approaches--seeking mechanisms, casual processes (ex: caterpillars feed and grow faster on nitrogen-rich leaves) |
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Definition
| determining boundaries of system necessary for understanding and predicting outcomes of ecological interaction in real world |
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Definition
| focus in for mechanism, zoom out for context and consequences |
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Definition
| natural history of organisms (behavior, physiological, a |
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Term
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred but not destroyed |
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Term
| rising air experiences lower pressure and expands in volume, losing temperature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Earth is a sphere, not a cylindar--an object on equator is moving east at 24,000 miles per day |
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Term
| Mediterranean climate (ex: CA) |
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Definition
| land warmer than water-->moisture not dropped-->if land is cooler than ocean, moisture dropped and it rains |
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Term
| 30 degrees south and north latitude |
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Definition
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Term
| 60 degrees north and south |
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Definition
| temperate rain (washington, oregon) |
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Definition
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Definition
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North--Right (toward east)
South--Left |
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Definition
| pneumonic for coriolis effect |
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Term
| CA fisheries (why so good) |
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Definition
| our northern winds are deflected off shore (water level gets lower), so there is a lower pressure zone, which brings up nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| land is hotter than water--heat rises and fog rolls in below (hence our shitty berkeley weather in summertime) |
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Definition
| water is densest at 4 degrees C |
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Term
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Definition
| stratum of rapid temperature change. Can separate oxygenated from hypoxic habitat. thin layer where temperature changes quickly |
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Definition
| replenishes nutrients for algae in PHOTIC ZONE (zone that has enough light that plants ie phitoplankton can grow) |
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Term
| Eutrophic (river, lake estuary) |
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Definition
| nutrient rich, likely to produce noxious or harmful algal blooms (cyanobacteria, toxic dinoflagellates) |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate nutrient concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| low nutrient concentrations, very clear water ("good" water quality for humans and fish) |
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Term
| downstream (concentrative) |
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Definition
| fluxes of water, sediment, solutes, detritus, and passive organisms |
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Term
| upstream and upslope (dispersive) |
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Definition
| backflows of mobile organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| increases in discharge, solar radiation, and changes in sediment size, habitat structure, and disturbance regimes |
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Term
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Definition
-pulses of enrichment
-adjacency of contrasting habitats (refuges) |
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Term
| drainage network-Headwaters |
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Definition
-woody debris
-forest cover |
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Term
| drainage network (meandering middle reaches) |
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Definition
-clean gravel
-undercut rooted bank vegetation
-off river habitat |
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Term
| drainage network (lowland floodplan rivers) |
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Definition
-floodplan marches or forests
-off chanel water bodies |
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Term
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Definition
-where rivers empty into oceans
-important nurseries for offshore fisheries |
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Term
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Definition
| -wedge of fresh water overlies denser salt water |
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Term
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Definition
| near shore where light can penetrate to bed |
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Term
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Definition
| light cannot penetrate to bed |
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Term
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Definition
| top layer where light is present and algae can grow |
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Term
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Definition
| stuff living on bed itself |
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Term
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Definition
| too dark--algae cant get light for photosynthesis so they cant live there |
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Term
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Definition
| all of them put together? |
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Term
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Definition
| between high and low tide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| shallow continental shelf |
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Definition
| where nutrients for algae are stored... determines how good fisheries are |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -deep stuff, strange adaptations of organisms |
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Term
| abiotic and biotic interactions |
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Definition
| interactions that affect nutrients in ocean? |
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Term
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Definition
| passive drifters vs active swimmers |
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Term
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Definition
| life on substarte or bed of sea, lake, spring, rivers, or steams |
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Term
| phytoplankton--eaten by zooplankton |
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Definition
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Term
| resources, conditions, and the fundamental niche |
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Definition
--tolerance of conditions, and need for resources
--condition: abiotic environmental factor that varies in space and time and affects the performance of organismes
--resource: all things consumed by organisms (space, nutrients, water, prey, holes for refuge, etc..) |
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Term
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Definition
| dispersing unit capable of establishing a new population (asexual spore, pregnant female fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| dispersing unit capable of establishing a new population (asexual spore, pregnant female fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical habitat for a species |
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Term
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Definition
| actual habitat a species occupies |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum number of a species that a specific environment can support |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| two species competing for the same, limited resources can not coexist indefinitely |
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Term
| resource becomes a condition |
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Definition
| at very high or low levels (animals cant survive in extremes |
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Term
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Definition
range of conditions, resource levels, and densities of ofther species within which an organism or species can survive and reproduce
(Hutchinson) N-dimension hypervolume, if each condition, resource, or other species seen as a dimension |
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Term
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Definition
| largest niche in which a species could persist in the absence of (adverse) interactions with other species |
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Term
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Definition
| the (generally smaller) niche volume actually occupied by a species in the presence of interspecific interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| residual population left over from time when environment could support its survival and reproduction, which can no longer replace itself locally |
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Term
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Definition
| habitat where death rates exceed birth rates, and organisms are present only because of immigration from Source Habitats (where births exceed deaths) |
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Term
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Definition
| resources produced in one habitat that support consumers in a second habitat |
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Term
| body size (environmental heterogeneity) |
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Definition
| refuges, hazards, stresses, opportunites for organisms depend on its size |
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Term
| body size (life in moving fluids--steve vogel) |
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Definition
| small, slow organisms subject to viscous, adhesive forces, large, fast organisms subject to gravity and turbulence |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining an internal state with a narrower (and physiologically more favorable) range of conditions than the external environment |
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Term
| Large organisms (homeostasis) |
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Definition
| more metabolic reserves; can mantain homeostasis longer through periods of stress or resource deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| volume rations decrease with size, so less heat or water loss (thermoregulation, osmoregulation:maintaining salinity balacne) easier |
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Term
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Definition
-response of organism to a condition experience in the past
-ex: trees can tolerate colder weather in winter than if surprised with it mid-summer |
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Term
| are organisms limited by max level of a condition, or by whether it lasts a certain period of time? |
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Definition
-crayfish or starfish are displaced by short bursts of fast flow, but can anchor down if current gradually increases
-saguaro cacti can tolerate freezing if there is a daily thaw, but cant take it if it lasts more than 30 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| rely on external sources of heat to regulate temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| use own metabolic heat production to regulate temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| lizards (ectotherms) choose warmer microhabitates when they have an infection |
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Term
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Definition
| -females select large rocks with high heat capacity, to keep themselves at optimal temperatures overnight (energy savings may go into egg production) |
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Term
| temperature-- time "degree days" |
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Definition
-temp governs rates of development and growth in exotherms (microbes, plants, fish, reptiles, etc...)
ex:insects emerge from eggs in ground, trees flower during warm springs
--temp. may serve as cue for seasonal life cycle events |
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Term
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Definition
| organism's lifetime pattern of growth differentiation, storage, reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of stages through which organism passes to develop from zygote to a reproductive adult producing more zygotes |
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Term
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Definition
--benthic budding (male and female release gametes)
--benthic larvae (grows on bottom of ocean, asexually produces disks)
...disks=potential PROPAGULES |
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Term
| unitary vs modular organisms |
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Definition
--unitary: develop from zygote to adult with determinant form
--modular: grow by repeated interactions of its parts (modules) into an adult of indeteminate form (coral, poison oak)
----a. genet: genetic individual of all biomass that derived from single embryo
----b. ramet: subunit of genet that is physiologically viable as an autonomous fragment |
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Term
| modular organims, cont... |
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Definition
-know meristems (and how it affects grazing)
-apical:
-grasses have basalmeristem at base, so when grazers eat them, it can regrow |
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Term
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Definition
allocation?
-growth
they spend: energy, nutrients, and time
they buy:
-activity
-maintenance
-reproduction (offspring quality/quantity) |
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Term
| allocation to reproduction |
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Definition
--comes at expense of individual's growth, and possibly survival (and vice versa)
--if resources are stored rather than spent on offspring, parents more likely to survive over periods of starvation |
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Term
| Life history trade offs of plants or animals |
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Definition
-early growth in season entails risk of freezing
-if reproductive resources allocated to larger seeds, plant makes few, so incurs more predation risk, and risk of bad luck
-dispersal reduces competition wiht parent, but increases risk of landing in unsuitable habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| -place where everything is filtered: determines rate at which population can grow or individual can reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
they're relicts, and rafting is turning these river reaches into population sinks for these frogs
--their offspring were doomed, even though they could last for a couple of years
--eventually, the population dies out
-sink (death exceeds birth--species could only last if outside immigration) |
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Term
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Definition
| residual population left over from time when environment could support its survival and reproduction, which can no longer replace itself locally |
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Term
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Definition
| death rates exceed birth rates |
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Term
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Definition
| birth rates exceed death rates |
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Term
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Definition
| resources produced in one habitat that support consumers in a second habitat |
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Term
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Definition
space that a species occupies on the planet (biographic range)
-home range of individual are the areas that it has covered over a life time |
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Term
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Definition
| they'll survive if they grow large enough to survive their first winter |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how vital rates of indivduals (birth, death, growth, migration) affect structure and dynamics of populations |
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Term
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Definition
group of potentially interbreeding individuals (same species, co-occur in time and space)
--also includes: density, size structure, age distribution, sex ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals per area or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| delta N (numbers in population)= births + immigrations - deaths - emigration |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of distribution of individuals in space (clumped, even, or random=every site has an equal probability of being occupied by an individual, independent of locations of other individuals) |
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Term
| intraspecific interactions |
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Definition
| b/n individuals of same species |
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Term
| interspecific interactions |
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Definition
| b/n individuals of different species |
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Term
| life (and reproductive) table |
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Definition
| summary of age (or size) specific rates of survival and FECUNDITY (progeny per individual)-----constructed by following a cohort |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of same age from birth until they die (or by other methods that approximate this ideal approach) |
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Term
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Definition
learn equation
l(x)-proportion original cohort at time x--m(x)=fecundity of individual at age x. |
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Term
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Definition
R=Sigma*l(x)*m(x)
if R>1, then R grows, R=population |
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Term
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Definition
| b=births, d=deaths, r=derivative... derivative (r) is positive, number increases exponentially, if =0, then stays steady, if r<0, then population decreases exponentially |
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Term
| limiting factor vs regulation |
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Definition
--change in limiting factor (ie more sunlight allowing catfish to reproduce) can change population
--regulation: how loose or tight are the fluctuations around a limiting factor (ie a thermostat) |
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Term
| limiting factor vs regulation analogy |
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Definition
--regulated strictly (55-65) or loosely (40-80)
--limit: speed limit (60 mph)=r
--over-steering= strong density dependence controls (you'll crash if there's a lot of cars around).. can produce chaotic dynamics |
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Term
| r vs K selected life history traits |
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Definition
r-->controls population when they're sparce (ex traits: small size, short life span, weak competitor, good disperser, many small offspring)
k-->parameter that says how dense a population can become when it is filled up (long life span, large size, low vulnerability, fewer but better offspring, late reproduction) |
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Term
| competition (interspecific); predation, herbivary, parasitism; mutualism; amensalism; commensalism |
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Definition
| competition (interspecific)=(-,-); predation, herbivary, parasitism=(+,-); mutualism=(+,+); amensalism=(0,-); commensalism=(0,+) |
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Term
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Definition
| -many hosts, always lethal; consume prey alive, kill, consume entire prey |
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Term
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Definition
| -many hosts, rarely lethal; attack many prey in life, rarely kill, consume only part of prey |
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Term
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Definition
| one or few hosts, rarely lethal; attack one or few hosts, rarely kill, consume parts of host |
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Term
| parasitoids (insect world |
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Definition
| one host, always lethal (only in bs movies for humans); juvinile develops from 1 host, kills host, consumes entire host |
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Term
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Definition
| search for plant and animal patterns that can be put on a map |
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Term
| Island and habitat fragmentation: |
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Definition
| species richness increases with area and decreases with elevation; on islands, species richness can be modeled as a dynamic balance b/n immigration and extinction |
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Term
| gradient in species richness |
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Definition
| -species richness increases from high latitudes to the equator; multiple processes contribute to the establishment of gradients in species richness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
change in species richness (delta S)
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM THEORY (MacArthur + Wilson) |
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Definition
| speciation+immigration-extinction-mass emigration (same as deltaN= BIDE) |
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Term
| immigration rate vs source |
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Definition
| look at graphs (guest speaker); closer to main source=larger recovery of species (and larger immigration rates to other places) |
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Term
| elevation vs species richness (+ exceptions) |
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Definition
| higher up=less species richness (exceptions: wasps and spiders--more variation in deserts than subtropical latitudes) |
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Term
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Definition
| --greater area in tropics; longer history in tropics; higher heterogeneity in tropics, etc.. |
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Term
| design of biodiversity reserves |
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Definition
| --biodiversity hotspot-->spatial patterns: neutral (species-area curve, immigration, extinction) and species interaction processes; landscape structure: energy flow (cross-ecosystem subsidies), movement of organisms, physical characteristics, nutrient cycling... |
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Term
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Definition
| two species competing for space; one has more a negative effect on other (ex: barnacles) |
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Term
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Definition
| two species compete for a resource that is limiting: in short supply relative to their needs (indirect) |
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Term
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Definition
| two species direcly harm each other by toxic *allelochemicals* (cacti), injury, or wasting tim, increasing risk, etc (direct) |
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Term
| Predator mediated ("apparent) competition |
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Definition
| two species decrease in each other's presence because they support the increased abundance or vigor of common predator (indirect) (ex: hatchery salmon and wild salmon) |
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Term
| evolutionary consequences of competition |
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Definition
1. niche partitioning
2. character displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| types of character displacement (divergent vs convergent) |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction that is (+,+). can be ogligate or faculative; can be symbiotic or non-symbiotic |
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Term
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Definition
| reward system for ants (from accacia tree) for keeping other insects away from tree |
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Term
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Definition
| species cant life without partner |
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Term
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Definition
| species can live without partner |
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Term
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Definition
| mutualist lives inside host |
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Term
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Definition
| catches photons and makes energy for coral.. when coral bleaches, zooxanthellae have left |
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Term
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Definition
| when fungi and algae live together (realized niche bigger than fundamental niche-expanded by interaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| mutualism--lumps on alfalfa; nitrogen fixation in legumes, etc...) |
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Term
| mutulist cheater (co-evolutanary selection) |
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Definition
| some species mimic a mutualist and actually hurt another organism (ex; fake cleaner, flower w/o real nectar |
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Term
| Why is a leaf-cutter ant like a cow? |
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Definition
| takes food down, lets bacteria digest it, then eats what the bacteria secrete |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding (trophic interaction: feeding interaction; trophic food web: who eats who, etc...) |
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Term
| food chain (bottom to top) |
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Definition
| autotroph-->herbivore-->carnivore, etc... (energy flow goes upward) |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete event that frees resources and opens up habitat by killing or removing organisms (Sousa 1984) (ex: flood in river; fire, toothbrushing) |
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Term
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Definition
| sequential changes, following disturbance, in the dominant biota occupying and affecting site (primary and secondary) |
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Term
| primary/secondary succession: |
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Definition
| primary: on truly bare (sterilized) space-- volcanic lava field; rock exfoliation, receding glaciers. secondary succession: space has been opened up and depopulated, but some residual biota has survived (more common than primary succession) |
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Term
| young vs old teeth (useless bs) |
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Definition
| young teeth have pockets filled (dont need to worry about flossing as much); old teeth have receeded gums and need to floss to avoid getting pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
| succession of bacteria- mouth (early, middle, late) |
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Definition
| early: bacteria are aerobic, a sticky colorless biofilm. middle: plaque builds up, creates pits in mouth; bacteria flourish and environment is modified. Late: bacteroides build up- linked to tissue destruction and tooth roots (basically, relationship is that the effects of bacteria and succession and biproducts of bacteria ruin teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
| early (r): good dispersers, fast growing, not competitive. late (k): poor dispersers, slow growing but better competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| late successional 'sere' (stage), new individuals can recruit under con-specific adults (douglas fir, Miconia, California mussel) |
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Term
| ulva (r) vs gigartina (k- tough red algae) |
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Definition
| gigartina can differentiate secondary holdfast when frond touches substrate; ulva colonizes first; HOW DOES IT AFFECT GIGARTINA?? answer: gigartina takes over once it grabs space b/c it doesnt let go (holdfast) and can create other holdfasts if open spaces on rock |
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Term
| effect of early species on later species (connel and slatyer) |
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Definition
| in teeth, it's helpful (put that layer so other bacteria can grow beneath). 3 kinds of effects: positive (facilitation), negative (inhibition), Neutral (tolerance) |
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Term
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| disturbances open patches to weedy (r selected) competitive subordinates (assume good dispersers tend to be weak competitors...). 2 steps (physical stress-few species can tolerate-->competitive exclusion (look at chart) |
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Term
| rock size vs species diversity |
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Definition
| medium sized rocks had most diversity.. why? was effect due to disturbance size? |
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Term
| seed predation and degradative succession in an acorn |
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Definition
| acorn starts as hard nut; acorn weevil cuts hole out of acorn to emerge (moths can lay eggs in acorn also) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of species that co-occur in time and space (contains a food web) |
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Term
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Definition
| depict feeding (or other significant (eg population limiting or regulating) relationships among members of a community |
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Term
| strong interactions (food web) |
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Definition
| generates indirect effects... 'predators hold herbavores in check,' which indirectly helps plants |
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Term
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Definition
| plants rule the world but are only limited by resources (alternating large and small dots--look at slide) |
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Term
| trophic level (bottom up and top down) |
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Definition
| functional group of organisms according to their primary food source (bottom up level=number of energy transfers from fixation of oraganic carbon to reach level; top down level= number of lower levels that are alternatively released and suppressed when this level is removed (plus one)) |
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Term
| odd/even number of levels (trophic levels) |
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Definition
| odd= green (plants resource limited= bottom up limitation) even= barren (plants consumer limited=top down limitation) |
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Term
| why food chain theory might NOT work: |
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Definition
| 1. green stuff could be inedible (world is one trophic level). 2. consumers are co-limited by predators and food (or other factors). 3. Omnivory blurs trophic levels 4. factors other than consumers or food limit populations |
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Term
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Definition
| a species that consumes and limits the population of another species that would otherwise dominate the system |
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Term
| pisaster (starfish on island) |
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Definition
| when starfish was taken away, the tidal community became dominated by mussels; starfish helped to keep diversity (starfish=keystone; mussels=dominant species) |
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Term
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Definition
| when sea otters gone, sea urchins take over and kelp forests disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| forests where fish take cover; waves break on kelp forests (cause mud deposits); enrich intertidal deposits when they rot |
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Term
| rat island (otters) vs near island (no otters) |
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Definition
| complete kelp coverage (many birds, etc...) vs urchin barrens w/dense large mussels and less fish seals or birds |
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Term
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Definition
| attacking odders.. now there are more urchins |
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Term
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Definition
| --key process of photosynthesis (followed reaction with reactive 14C) |
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Term
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Definition
| convert CO2 and H2O into sugar, water, and oxygen (inorganic reactants-->organic fixed (reduced) products) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| about 10% (Pn/P(n-1)). pn=used or consumed (assimilated);p(n-1)=not consumed or ingested |
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Term
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Definition
| if system is in EQUILIBRIUM, imput (vol/time)=output (vol/time)=q |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (fraction of storage that is replaced in a given unit of time)=1/T |
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Term
| Socks (pools, compartments) and flows(fluxes) |
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Definition
| input-output=change in storage (=0 at equilibrium) |
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Term
| inverted level of trophic biomass |
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Definition
| fish have more biomass than algae and bugs (WHY? b/c fish live a long time, and can store that mass for years and it accumulates) |
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Term
| 'green water state' of lake |
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Definition
| bottom heavy (more biomass in algae than fish/insects) |
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Term
| blue water state (oligotrophic) |
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Definition
| inverted pyramid; nutrient sequestering (long lived predators); upslope vectoring of nutrients by scavengers and predators (takes nutrients out of lake if bear eats fish); terrestrial vegetative cover; frequent scour and flushing that maintain edible prey |
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Term
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Definition
| land converstion (loss of wetlands/forests, erosion of sediment); stabilized by higher trophic levels, internal nutrient cycling, more bank erosion, cyanobacteria |
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Term
| ecosystem "healthier" w/ longer food chains, if predators native |
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Definition
| zero trophic levels: drinking own automobile exhaust; one trophic levels: nutrient assimilation and retention, but eutrophication; two trophic levels; vegetation grazed down, but insect emergence; three trophic levels: small fish; four trophic levels: biggger fish; five trophic levels: really big fish, and wildlife |
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Term
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Definition
| evaporation=precipitation |
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Term
| consequence of greenhouse warming |
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Definition
| redistribution of water in space and time: reduced snowpack storage in sierra increased intensity of storms |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate general gains and losses of hydrologic cycle (atmospheric transport runoff) |
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Term
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Definition
| path that water takes from land to rivers determines time interval for storage, and "flashiness' of floods |
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Term
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Definition
| evaporation and transpiration (loss of water through stomates in plants) |
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Term
| less evaporation-->less precipitation |
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Definition
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Term
| plants (affected by precipitation) |
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Definition
| changes in stomate behavior and roots will affect evapotranspiration and storage of water |
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Term
| carbon cycle graph (view picture from slides) |
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Definition
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Term
| phosphorous residence time (P) |
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Definition
| algae: days-weeks; animals: days-years; soils: millenia; oceans=millions of years |
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Term
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Definition
| fixation (animals and plants take nitrogen unavailable to most and turn nitrogen into ammonia); gets back to air after NO3 is oxidized to NO2 and put back into air (look at graph) (done by denitrifying bacteria in anaerobic conditions |
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Term
| nitrogen distorted by human activities |
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Definition
| fossil fuel combustion, sythetic fertilizers, cultivating of meat... lightning bolt gets atmospheric nitrogen into biosphere |
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Term
| phosphorous/nitrogen in water leads to___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduced nitrogen from air to ammonia |
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Term
| after introduction of haber fertilizer |
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Definition
| went from 3-->6 billion people |
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Term
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Definition
| holds nitrogen onto land where we want them (we want them high in the land in the trees rather than lower where they can poison water) |
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Term
| ecosystem efficiency (organic production/nutrient flux) [production=mass/time; flux=mass/time] |
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Definition
| retention: reducing fluxes through basin |
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Term
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Definition
| downstream transport with periodic cycling by local biology |
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Term
| retentive ecosystems with short spiral lengths are more efficient |
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Definition
| -ie more biotic production per nutrient flux downstream; they also protect downstream water bodies from eutrophication |
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Term
| retention (storage) elements: |
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Definition
| when we build canals over marshes, we are decreasing the amount of storage (stream flow) and thereby releasing chemicals into other water bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| rained more, allowed more trees to grow; trees stabilized water |
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Term
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Definition
| viscous cycle; landslides, etc... tip ecosystem into undesirable state (negative feedbacks are stabilizing and desirable) |
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Term
| greenhouse warming (positive feedback) |
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Definition
| creates droughts that kill vegetation, increase dust that darkens glaciers accelerating their melt, that decrease their supplies |
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Term
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Definition
| set of interacting entities |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of a system by its results or effects |
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Term
| amplifying (positive, destabilizing) feedback |
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Definition
| induces further change in a system in the same direction as the initial preterbation |
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Term
| stavilizing (negative, corrective) feedback |
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Definition
| diminishes the effect of a change by counteracting it with a change in the opposite direction |
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Term
| positive feedbacks; Earth's response to global warming |
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Definition
| oxidation of ancient carbon stored in arctic with melt of permafrost, leading to an increas of CO2 levels; higher albedo of sea ice and seasonal snow cover (darker earth=absorbs more light=further warming); acidification of ocean-- elevating CO2 concentration will lower ocean pH, interfering with the ability of ocean biota to produce and sequester calcium carbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| seek simplicity, and mistrust it |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple working hypothesis (1. attempt to falsify each, or evaluate importance;2. acknowledge that answers are never certain) |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts at prediction-->useful postdiction-->"ecological forecasting" (acknowledging uncertainty and context dependency) |
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Term
| understanding ecological patterns requires both (processes) |
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Definition
| reductionist (seeking mechanisms) and holistic (determining boundaries of system |
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Term
| terrestrial biomes separated by: |
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Definition
| temperature vs precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| set up by hemispheres (30 degrees, 60 degrees); what is special about the equator? |
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Term
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Definition
| expanding volume=lower temperature (work done on air=lower temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| if air cools below this point, it will lose its moisture (condenses as clouds or precipitation) |
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Term
| warm air (moisture holding capacity) |
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Definition
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Term
| law of conservation of energy |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred from one system toanother in many forms, but can not be created or destroyed |
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Term
| hadley cells (attempt at explanation) |
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Definition
| air releases moisture at equator, then descending dry air absorbs moisture from 30 degrees out (desert) |
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Term
| california (summer winds) |
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Definition
| blow from north, curve west, creating an upwelling along coast (enhancing nutrients for phytoplankton); winter winds blow from south, curve east, favoring downwelling along coast |
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Term
| california climate (mediterannean) |
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Definition
| if land warmer than ocean, moisture not dropped (summer drought); if land cooler, moisture dropped (winter rains) |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 degrees (spring and autumn have best mixing because temperature of lakes are same from top to bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
| stratum of rapid temp. change; can separate oxygenated level from hypotoxic habitat |
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Term
| refuges in streams/rivers |
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Definition
| headwaters: woody debris, forest cover; middle reaches: clean gravel beds (hyporheic-under stream bed), vegetation, off river habitat; lowland: marshes, forests, off channel water bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| downstream changes in energy sources to grazers (size vs stream flow experiments) |
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Term
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Definition
| abiotic environmental factor |
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Term
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Definition
| all things consumed by organism (space, holes, food) |
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Term
| Mecan's filter (lecture 3) |
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Definition
| dispersal? behavior? abiotic factors? biotic factors? [KNOW ANSWERS for yes and no] |
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Term
| environmental heterogeneity |
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Definition
| refuges, hazards... opportunites for organisms depend on its body size |
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Term
| life in moving fluids (steve vogel) |
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Definition
| small, slow organisms subject to forces (ie water strength, gravity, turbulence) |
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Term
| intraspecific interactions |
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Definition
| ganet (birds 'a peck apart'); interactions b/n individuals of same species |
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Term
| cows and termites (cellulose) |
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Definition
| have gut microbes that digest the cellulose and animals can process what these bacteria excrete |
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Term
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Definition
| increases with area, decreases with elevation, on island can be modeled as balance between immigration and extinction of species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| consequence of greenhouse warming |
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Definition
| redistribution of water in space and time (reduced snow storage in Sierra increased intensity of flashy, erosive runoff) |
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