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Biology 1B
ecology
230
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/05/2009

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Term
Observation
Definition
way to acquire new info, good natural history, consistent long-term monitoring, andvanced mapping/sensing methods
Term
Replicates
Definition
separate (independent) units of study that are treated as identically as possible--tests variability factors
Term
Controls
Definition
unmanipulated units that provide a baseline for comparison... how organisms or systems will change over space or time
Term
reductionist
Definition
approaches--seeking mechanisms, casual processes (ex: caterpillars feed and grow faster on nitrogen-rich leaves)
Term
holistic
Definition
determining boundaries of system necessary for understanding and predicting outcomes of ecological interaction in real world
Term
zoom lens ecology
Definition
focus in for mechanism, zoom out for context and consequences
Term
autocology
Definition
natural history of organisms (behavior, physiological, a
Term
Law of Conservation of Energy
Definition
energy can be transferred but not destroyed
Term
rising air experiences lower pressure and expands in volume, losing temperature
Definition
adiabatic cooling
Term
Cariolis effect
Definition
Earth is a sphere, not a cylindar--an object on equator is moving east at 24,000 miles per day
Term
Mediterranean climate (ex: CA)
Definition
land warmer than water-->moisture not dropped-->if land is cooler than ocean, moisture dropped and it rains
Term
30 degrees south and north latitude
Definition
desserts
Term
60 degrees north and south
Definition
temperate rain (washington, oregon)
Term
hadley cells
Definition
Term
arctic
Definition
cold and dry
Term
North--Right (toward east)
South--Left
Definition
pneumonic for coriolis effect
Term
CA fisheries (why so good)
Definition
our northern winds are deflected off shore (water level gets lower), so there is a lower pressure zone, which brings up nutrients
Term
summer fog
Definition
land is hotter than water--heat rises and fog rolls in below (hence our shitty berkeley weather in summertime)
Term
seasonal mixing regimes
Definition
water is densest at 4 degrees C
Term
thermocline
Definition
stratum of rapid temperature change. Can separate oxygenated from hypoxic habitat. thin layer where temperature changes quickly
Term
spring mixing of lakes
Definition
replenishes nutrients for algae in PHOTIC ZONE (zone that has enough light that plants ie phitoplankton can grow)
Term
Eutrophic (river, lake estuary)
Definition
nutrient rich, likely to produce noxious or harmful algal blooms (cyanobacteria, toxic dinoflagellates)
Term
mesotrophic
Definition
intermediate nutrient concentrations
Term
oligotrophic
Definition
low nutrient concentrations, very clear water ("good" water quality for humans and fish)
Term
downstream (concentrative)
Definition
fluxes of water, sediment, solutes, detritus, and passive organisms
Term
upstream and upslope (dispersive)
Definition
backflows of mobile organisms
Term
systematic downstream
Definition
increases in discharge, solar radiation, and changes in sediment size, habitat structure, and disturbance regimes
Term
confluence nodes
Definition
-pulses of enrichment
-adjacency of contrasting habitats (refuges)
Term
drainage network-Headwaters
Definition
-woody debris
-forest cover
Term
drainage network (meandering middle reaches)
Definition
-clean gravel
-undercut rooted bank vegetation
-off river habitat
Term
drainage network (lowland floodplan rivers)
Definition
-floodplan marches or forests
-off chanel water bodies
Term
estuary
Definition
-where rivers empty into oceans
-important nurseries for offshore fisheries
Term
tidal prism
Definition
-wedge of fresh water overlies denser salt water
Term
literal zone
Definition
near shore where light can penetrate to bed
Term
lumnetic zone?
Definition
light cannot penetrate to bed
Term
photic zone
Definition
top layer where light is present and algae can grow
Term
benthos
Definition
stuff living on bed itself
Term
aphotic zone
Definition
too dark--algae cant get light for photosynthesis so they cant live there
Term
pentagic zone
Definition
all of them put together?
Term
intertidal
Definition
between high and low tide
Term
oceanic zone
Definition
Term
shallow continental shelf
Definition
where nutrients for algae are stored... determines how good fisheries are
Term
benthic zone
Definition
what lives on surface
Term
abyssal zone
Definition
-deep stuff, strange adaptations of organisms
Term
abiotic and biotic interactions
Definition
interactions that affect nutrients in ocean?
Term
plankton vs neckton
Definition
passive drifters vs active swimmers
Term
benthos:
Definition
life on substarte or bed of sea, lake, spring, rivers, or steams
Term
phytoplankton--eaten by zooplankton
Definition
Term
resources, conditions, and the fundamental niche
Definition
--tolerance of conditions, and need for resources
--condition: abiotic environmental factor that varies in space and time and affects the performance of organismes
--resource: all things consumed by organisms (space, nutrients, water, prey, holes for refuge, etc..)
Term
propagule
Definition
dispersing unit capable of establishing a new population (asexual spore, pregnant female fish)
Term
propagule
Definition
dispersing unit capable of establishing a new population (asexual spore, pregnant female fish)
Term
fundamental niche
Definition
theoretical habitat for a species
Term
realized niche
Definition
actual habitat a species occupies
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
the maximum number of a species that a specific environment can support
Term
competitive exclusion principle
Definition
two species competing for the same, limited resources can not coexist indefinitely
Term
resource becomes a condition
Definition
at very high or low levels (animals cant survive in extremes
Term
niche
Definition
range of conditions, resource levels, and densities of ofther species within which an organism or species can survive and reproduce
(Hutchinson) N-dimension hypervolume, if each condition, resource, or other species seen as a dimension
Term
fundamental niche
Definition
largest niche in which a species could persist in the absence of (adverse) interactions with other species
Term
realized niche
Definition
the (generally smaller) niche volume actually occupied by a species in the presence of interspecific interactions
Term
relict population
Definition
residual population left over from time when environment could support its survival and reproduction, which can no longer replace itself locally
Term
sink habitat
Definition
habitat where death rates exceed birth rates, and organisms are present only because of immigration from Source Habitats (where births exceed deaths)
Term
Resource subsidy
Definition
resources produced in one habitat that support consumers in a second habitat
Term
body size (environmental heterogeneity)
Definition
refuges, hazards, stresses, opportunites for organisms depend on its size
Term
body size (life in moving fluids--steve vogel)
Definition
small, slow organisms subject to viscous, adhesive forces, large, fast organisms subject to gravity and turbulence
Term
body size (homeostasis)
Definition
maintaining an internal state with a narrower (and physiologically more favorable) range of conditions than the external environment
Term
Large organisms (homeostasis)
Definition
more metabolic reserves; can mantain homeostasis longer through periods of stress or resource deprivation
Term
surface
Definition
volume rations decrease with size, so less heat or water loss (thermoregulation, osmoregulation:maintaining salinity balacne) easier
Term
acclimation shifts
Definition
-response of organism to a condition experience in the past
-ex: trees can tolerate colder weather in winter than if surprised with it mid-summer
Term
are organisms limited by max level of a condition, or by whether it lasts a certain period of time?
Definition
-crayfish or starfish are displaced by short bursts of fast flow, but can anchor down if current gradually increases
-saguaro cacti can tolerate freezing if there is a daily thaw, but cant take it if it lasts more than 30 hours
Term
ectotherms
Definition
rely on external sources of heat to regulate temperature
Term
endotherms
Definition
use own metabolic heat production to regulate temperature
Term
behavioral fevers
Definition
lizards (ectotherms) choose warmer microhabitates when they have an infection
Term
Lizards
Definition
-females select large rocks with high heat capacity, to keep themselves at optimal temperatures overnight (energy savings may go into egg production)
Term
temperature-- time "degree days"
Definition
-temp governs rates of development and growth in exotherms (microbes, plants, fish, reptiles, etc...)
ex:insects emerge from eggs in ground, trees flower during warm springs
--temp. may serve as cue for seasonal life cycle events
Term
life history
Definition
organism's lifetime pattern of growth differentiation, storage, reproduction
Term
life cycle
Definition
sequence of stages through which organism passes to develop from zygote to a reproductive adult producing more zygotes
Term
jellyfish lifecycle
Definition
--benthic budding (male and female release gametes)
--benthic larvae (grows on bottom of ocean, asexually produces disks)
...disks=potential PROPAGULES
Term
unitary vs modular organisms
Definition
--unitary: develop from zygote to adult with determinant form
--modular: grow by repeated interactions of its parts (modules) into an adult of indeteminate form (coral, poison oak)
----a. genet: genetic individual of all biomass that derived from single embryo
----b. ramet: subunit of genet that is physiologically viable as an autonomous fragment
Term
modular organims, cont...
Definition
-know meristems (and how it affects grazing)
-apical:
-grasses have basalmeristem at base, so when grazers eat them, it can regrow
Term
life history TRADEOFFS
Definition
allocation?
-growth
they spend: energy, nutrients, and time
they buy:
-activity
-maintenance
-reproduction (offspring quality/quantity)
Term
allocation to reproduction
Definition
--comes at expense of individual's growth, and possibly survival (and vice versa)
--if resources are stored rather than spent on offspring, parents more likely to survive over periods of starvation
Term
Life history trade offs of plants or animals
Definition
-early growth in season entails risk of freezing
-if reproductive resources allocated to larger seeds, plant makes few, so incurs more predation risk, and risk of bad luck
-dispersal reduces competition wiht parent, but increases risk of landing in unsuitable habitat
Term
bottlenecks
Definition
-place where everything is filtered: determines rate at which population can grow or individual can reproduce
Term
female frogs
Definition
they're relicts, and rafting is turning these river reaches into population sinks for these frogs
--their offspring were doomed, even though they could last for a couple of years
--eventually, the population dies out
-sink (death exceeds birth--species could only last if outside immigration)
Term
relict population
Definition
residual population left over from time when environment could support its survival and reproduction, which can no longer replace itself locally
Term
sink habitat
Definition
death rates exceed birth rates
Term
source habitats
Definition
birth rates exceed death rates
Term
resource subsidy
Definition
resources produced in one habitat that support consumers in a second habitat
Term
range
Definition
space that a species occupies on the planet (biographic range)
-home range of individual are the areas that it has covered over a life time
Term
bottleneck for bass
Definition
they'll survive if they grow large enough to survive their first winter
Term
demography
Definition
study of how vital rates of indivduals (birth, death, growth, migration) affect structure and dynamics of populations
Term
population
Definition
group of potentially interbreeding individuals (same species, co-occur in time and space)
--also includes: density, size structure, age distribution, sex ratio
Term
density
Definition
number of individuals per area or volume
Term
bide equation
Definition
delta N (numbers in population)= births + immigrations - deaths - emigration
Term
dispersion
Definition
pattern of distribution of individuals in space (clumped, even, or random=every site has an equal probability of being occupied by an individual, independent of locations of other individuals)
Term
intraspecific interactions
Definition
b/n individuals of same species
Term
interspecific interactions
Definition
b/n individuals of different species
Term
life (and reproductive) table
Definition
summary of age (or size) specific rates of survival and FECUNDITY (progeny per individual)-----constructed by following a cohort
Term
cohort
Definition
group of individuals of same age from birth until they die (or by other methods that approximate this ideal approach)
Term
cohort analysis
Definition
learn equation
l(x)-proportion original cohort at time x--m(x)=fecundity of individual at age x.
Term
basic reproductive rate
Definition
R=Sigma*l(x)*m(x)
if R>1, then R grows, R=population
Term
derivative growth
Definition
b=births, d=deaths, r=derivative... derivative (r) is positive, number increases exponentially, if =0, then stays steady, if r<0, then population decreases exponentially
Term
limiting factor vs regulation
Definition
--change in limiting factor (ie more sunlight allowing catfish to reproduce) can change population
--regulation: how loose or tight are the fluctuations around a limiting factor (ie a thermostat)
Term
limiting factor vs regulation analogy
Definition
--regulated strictly (55-65) or loosely (40-80)
--limit: speed limit (60 mph)=r
--over-steering= strong density dependence controls (you'll crash if there's a lot of cars around).. can produce chaotic dynamics
Term
r vs K selected life history traits
Definition
r-->controls population when they're sparce (ex traits: small size, short life span, weak competitor, good disperser, many small offspring)
k-->parameter that says how dense a population can become when it is filled up (long life span, large size, low vulnerability, fewer but better offspring, late reproduction)
Term
competition (interspecific); predation, herbivary, parasitism; mutualism; amensalism; commensalism
Definition
competition (interspecific)=(-,-); predation, herbivary, parasitism=(+,-); mutualism=(+,+); amensalism=(0,-); commensalism=(0,+)
Term
true predators
Definition
-many hosts, always lethal; consume prey alive, kill, consume entire prey
Term
grazers
Definition
-many hosts, rarely lethal; attack many prey in life, rarely kill, consume only part of prey
Term
parasits
Definition
one or few hosts, rarely lethal; attack one or few hosts, rarely kill, consume parts of host
Term
parasitoids (insect world
Definition
one host, always lethal (only in bs movies for humans); juvinile develops from 1 host, kills host, consumes entire host
Term
geographic ecology
Definition
search for plant and animal patterns that can be put on a map
Term
Island and habitat fragmentation:
Definition
species richness increases with area and decreases with elevation; on islands, species richness can be modeled as a dynamic balance b/n immigration and extinction
Term
gradient in species richness
Definition
-species richness increases from high latitudes to the equator; multiple processes contribute to the establishment of gradients in species richness
Term
biodiversity loss
Definition
FRAGMENTATION
Term
change in species richness (delta S)
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM THEORY (MacArthur + Wilson)
Definition
speciation+immigration-extinction-mass emigration (same as deltaN= BIDE)
Term
immigration rate vs source
Definition
look at graphs (guest speaker); closer to main source=larger recovery of species (and larger immigration rates to other places)
Term
elevation vs species richness (+ exceptions)
Definition
higher up=less species richness (exceptions: wasps and spiders--more variation in deserts than subtropical latitudes)
Term
latitudinal gradient
Definition
--greater area in tropics; longer history in tropics; higher heterogeneity in tropics, etc..
Term
design of biodiversity reserves
Definition
--biodiversity hotspot-->spatial patterns: neutral (species-area curve, immigration, extinction) and species interaction processes; landscape structure: energy flow (cross-ecosystem subsidies), movement of organisms, physical characteristics, nutrient cycling...
Term
assymetric competition
Definition
two species competing for space; one has more a negative effect on other (ex: barnacles)
Term
exploitative competition
Definition
two species compete for a resource that is limiting: in short supply relative to their needs (indirect)
Term
Interference competition
Definition
two species direcly harm each other by toxic *allelochemicals* (cacti), injury, or wasting tim, increasing risk, etc (direct)
Term
Predator mediated ("apparent) competition
Definition
two species decrease in each other's presence because they support the increased abundance or vigor of common predator (indirect) (ex: hatchery salmon and wild salmon)
Term
evolutionary consequences of competition
Definition
1. niche partitioning
2. character displacement
Term
allopatric vs sympatric
Definition
types of character displacement (divergent vs convergent)
Term
mutualism
Definition
interaction that is (+,+). can be ogligate or faculative; can be symbiotic or non-symbiotic
Term
extra floral nectaries
Definition
reward system for ants (from accacia tree) for keeping other insects away from tree
Term
obligate mutualism
Definition
species cant life without partner
Term
faculative mutualism
Definition
species can live without partner
Term
symbiotic
Definition
mutualist lives inside host
Term
zooxanthellae (algae)
Definition
catches photons and makes energy for coral.. when coral bleaches, zooxanthellae have left
Term
lichen
Definition
when fungi and algae live together (realized niche bigger than fundamental niche-expanded by interaction)
Term
rhizobium bacteria
Definition
mutualism--lumps on alfalfa; nitrogen fixation in legumes, etc...)
Term
mutulist cheater (co-evolutanary selection)
Definition
some species mimic a mutualist and actually hurt another organism (ex; fake cleaner, flower w/o real nectar
Term
Why is a leaf-cutter ant like a cow?
Definition
takes food down, lets bacteria digest it, then eats what the bacteria secrete
Term
'trophic'
Definition
feeding (trophic interaction: feeding interaction; trophic food web: who eats who, etc...)
Term
food chain (bottom to top)
Definition
autotroph-->herbivore-->carnivore, etc... (energy flow goes upward)
Term
disturbance
Definition
discrete event that frees resources and opens up habitat by killing or removing organisms (Sousa 1984) (ex: flood in river; fire, toothbrushing)
Term
succession
Definition
sequential changes, following disturbance, in the dominant biota occupying and affecting site (primary and secondary)
Term
primary/secondary succession:
Definition
primary: on truly bare (sterilized) space-- volcanic lava field; rock exfoliation, receding glaciers. secondary succession: space has been opened up and depopulated, but some residual biota has survived (more common than primary succession)
Term
young vs old teeth (useless bs)
Definition
young teeth have pockets filled (dont need to worry about flossing as much); old teeth have receeded gums and need to floss to avoid getting pathogenic bacteria
Term
succession of bacteria- mouth (early, middle, late)
Definition
early: bacteria are aerobic, a sticky colorless biofilm. middle: plaque builds up, creates pits in mouth; bacteria flourish and environment is modified. Late: bacteroides build up- linked to tissue destruction and tooth roots (basically, relationship is that the effects of bacteria and succession and biproducts of bacteria ruin teeth)
Term
r vs K births
Definition
early (r): good dispersers, fast growing, not competitive. late (k): poor dispersers, slow growing but better competitors
Term
climax
Definition
late successional 'sere' (stage), new individuals can recruit under con-specific adults (douglas fir, Miconia, California mussel)
Term
ulva (r) vs gigartina (k- tough red algae)
Definition
gigartina can differentiate secondary holdfast when frond touches substrate; ulva colonizes first; HOW DOES IT AFFECT GIGARTINA?? answer: gigartina takes over once it grabs space b/c it doesnt let go (holdfast) and can create other holdfasts if open spaces on rock
Term
effect of early species on later species (connel and slatyer)
Definition
in teeth, it's helpful (put that layer so other bacteria can grow beneath). 3 kinds of effects: positive (facilitation), negative (inhibition), Neutral (tolerance)
Term
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Definition
disturbances open patches to weedy (r selected) competitive subordinates (assume good dispersers tend to be weak competitors...). 2 steps (physical stress-few species can tolerate-->competitive exclusion (look at chart)
Term
rock size vs species diversity
Definition
medium sized rocks had most diversity.. why? was effect due to disturbance size?
Term
seed predation and degradative succession in an acorn
Definition
acorn starts as hard nut; acorn weevil cuts hole out of acorn to emerge (moths can lay eggs in acorn also)
Term
community
Definition
group of species that co-occur in time and space (contains a food web)
Term
food (interaction) webs
Definition
depict feeding (or other significant (eg population limiting or regulating) relationships among members of a community
Term
strong interactions (food web)
Definition
generates indirect effects... 'predators hold herbavores in check,' which indirectly helps plants
Term
'green world'
Definition
plants rule the world but are only limited by resources (alternating large and small dots--look at slide)
Term
trophic level (bottom up and top down)
Definition
functional group of organisms according to their primary food source (bottom up level=number of energy transfers from fixation of oraganic carbon to reach level; top down level= number of lower levels that are alternatively released and suppressed when this level is removed (plus one))
Term
odd/even number of levels (trophic levels)
Definition
odd= green (plants resource limited= bottom up limitation) even= barren (plants consumer limited=top down limitation)
Term
why food chain theory might NOT work:
Definition
1. green stuff could be inedible (world is one trophic level). 2. consumers are co-limited by predators and food (or other factors). 3. Omnivory blurs trophic levels 4. factors other than consumers or food limit populations
Term
Keystone species
Definition
a species that consumes and limits the population of another species that would otherwise dominate the system
Term
pisaster (starfish on island)
Definition
when starfish was taken away, the tidal community became dominated by mussels; starfish helped to keep diversity (starfish=keystone; mussels=dominant species)
Term
sea otters
Definition
when sea otters gone, sea urchins take over and kelp forests disappear
Term
kelp forests
Definition
forests where fish take cover; waves break on kelp forests (cause mud deposits); enrich intertidal deposits when they rot
Term
rat island (otters) vs near island (no otters)
Definition
complete kelp coverage (many birds, etc...) vs urchin barrens w/dense large mussels and less fish seals or birds
Term
killer whale link
Definition
attacking odders.. now there are more urchins
Term
calvin cycle
Definition
--key process of photosynthesis (followed reaction with reactive 14C)
Term
carbon fixation
Definition
convert CO2 and H2O into sugar, water, and oxygen (inorganic reactants-->organic fixed (reduced) products)
Term
organic (properties)
Definition
has carbon and hydrogen
Term
trophic level
Definition
about 10% (Pn/P(n-1)). pn=used or consumed (assimilated);p(n-1)=not consumed or ingested
Term
turnover time
Definition
if system is in EQUILIBRIUM, imput (vol/time)=output (vol/time)=q
Term
residence time
Definition
T=volume/q
Term
turnover rate
Definition
(fraction of storage that is replaced in a given unit of time)=1/T
Term
Socks (pools, compartments) and flows(fluxes)
Definition
input-output=change in storage (=0 at equilibrium)
Term
inverted level of trophic biomass
Definition
fish have more biomass than algae and bugs (WHY? b/c fish live a long time, and can store that mass for years and it accumulates)
Term
'green water state' of lake
Definition
bottom heavy (more biomass in algae than fish/insects)
Term
blue water state (oligotrophic)
Definition
inverted pyramid; nutrient sequestering (long lived predators); upslope vectoring of nutrients by scavengers and predators (takes nutrients out of lake if bear eats fish); terrestrial vegetative cover; frequent scour and flushing that maintain edible prey
Term
eutrophic state
Definition
land converstion (loss of wetlands/forests, erosion of sediment); stabilized by higher trophic levels, internal nutrient cycling, more bank erosion, cyanobacteria
Term
ecosystem "healthier" w/ longer food chains, if predators native
Definition
zero trophic levels: drinking own automobile exhaust; one trophic levels: nutrient assimilation and retention, but eutrophication; two trophic levels; vegetation grazed down, but insect emergence; three trophic levels: small fish; four trophic levels: biggger fish; five trophic levels: really big fish, and wildlife
Term
hydrologic cycle
Definition
evaporation=precipitation
Term
consequence of greenhouse warming
Definition
redistribution of water in space and time: reduced snowpack storage in sierra increased intensity of storms
Term
transfer process
Definition
mediate general gains and losses of hydrologic cycle (atmospheric transport runoff)
Term
permeability of surface
Definition
path that water takes from land to rivers determines time interval for storage, and "flashiness' of floods
Term
evapotranspiration
Definition
evaporation and transpiration (loss of water through stomates in plants)
Term
less evaporation-->less precipitation
Definition
Term
plants (affected by precipitation)
Definition
changes in stomate behavior and roots will affect evapotranspiration and storage of water
Term
carbon cycle graph (view picture from slides)
Definition
Term
phosphorous residence time (P)
Definition
algae: days-weeks; animals: days-years; soils: millenia; oceans=millions of years
Term
nitrogen cycles
Definition
fixation (animals and plants take nitrogen unavailable to most and turn nitrogen into ammonia); gets back to air after NO3 is oxidized to NO2 and put back into air (look at graph) (done by denitrifying bacteria in anaerobic conditions
Term
nitrogen distorted by human activities
Definition
fossil fuel combustion, sythetic fertilizers, cultivating of meat... lightning bolt gets atmospheric nitrogen into biosphere
Term
phosphorous/nitrogen in water leads to___
Definition
eutrophication
Term
haber (german jew)
Definition
reduced nitrogen from air to ammonia
Term
after introduction of haber fertilizer
Definition
went from 3-->6 billion people
Term
forest cover (nitrogen)
Definition
holds nitrogen onto land where we want them (we want them high in the land in the trees rather than lower where they can poison water)
Term
ecosystem efficiency (organic production/nutrient flux) [production=mass/time; flux=mass/time]
Definition
retention: reducing fluxes through basin
Term
stream spiraling
Definition
downstream transport with periodic cycling by local biology
Term
retentive ecosystems with short spiral lengths are more efficient
Definition
-ie more biotic production per nutrient flux downstream; they also protect downstream water bodies from eutrophication
Term
retention (storage) elements:
Definition
when we build canals over marshes, we are decreasing the amount of storage (stream flow) and thereby releasing chemicals into other water bodies
Term
negative feedback
Definition
rained more, allowed more trees to grow; trees stabilized water
Term
positive feedback
Definition
viscous cycle; landslides, etc... tip ecosystem into undesirable state (negative feedbacks are stabilizing and desirable)
Term
greenhouse warming (positive feedback)
Definition
creates droughts that kill vegetation, increase dust that darkens glaciers accelerating their melt, that decrease their supplies
Term
system
Definition
set of interacting entities
Term
feedback
Definition
modification of a system by its results or effects
Term
amplifying (positive, destabilizing) feedback
Definition
induces further change in a system in the same direction as the initial preterbation
Term
stavilizing (negative, corrective) feedback
Definition
diminishes the effect of a change by counteracting it with a change in the opposite direction
Term
positive feedbacks; Earth's response to global warming
Definition
oxidation of ancient carbon stored in arctic with melt of permafrost, leading to an increas of CO2 levels; higher albedo of sea ice and seasonal snow cover (darker earth=absorbs more light=further warming); acidification of ocean-- elevating CO2 concentration will lower ocean pH, interfering with the ability of ocean biota to produce and sequester calcium carbonate
Term
alfred north whitehead
Definition
seek simplicity, and mistrust it
Term
TC Chamberlain
Definition
multiple working hypothesis (1. attempt to falsify each, or evaluate importance;2. acknowledge that answers are never certain)
Term
ecological forecasting
Definition
attempts at prediction-->useful postdiction-->"ecological forecasting" (acknowledging uncertainty and context dependency)
Term
understanding ecological patterns requires both (processes)
Definition
reductionist (seeking mechanisms) and holistic (determining boundaries of system
Term
terrestrial biomes separated by:
Definition
temperature vs precipitation
Term
seasonality
Definition
set up by hemispheres (30 degrees, 60 degrees); what is special about the equator?
Term
adiabatic cooling
Definition
expanding volume=lower temperature (work done on air=lower temp)
Term
dew point
Definition
if air cools below this point, it will lose its moisture (condenses as clouds or precipitation)
Term
warm air (moisture holding capacity)
Definition
higher capacity
Term
law of conservation of energy
Definition
energy can be transferred from one system toanother in many forms, but can not be created or destroyed
Term
hadley cells (attempt at explanation)
Definition
air releases moisture at equator, then descending dry air absorbs moisture from 30 degrees out (desert)
Term
california (summer winds)
Definition
blow from north, curve west, creating an upwelling along coast (enhancing nutrients for phytoplankton); winter winds blow from south, curve east, favoring downwelling along coast
Term
california climate (mediterannean)
Definition
if land warmer than ocean, moisture not dropped (summer drought); if land cooler, moisture dropped (winter rains)
Term
water is densest at ___
Definition
4 degrees (spring and autumn have best mixing because temperature of lakes are same from top to bottom)
Term
thermocline
Definition
stratum of rapid temp. change; can separate oxygenated level from hypotoxic habitat
Term
refuges in streams/rivers
Definition
headwaters: woody debris, forest cover; middle reaches: clean gravel beds (hyporheic-under stream bed), vegetation, off river habitat; lowland: marshes, forests, off channel water bodies
Term
detritus
Definition
dead organic matter
Term
camille McNeely
Definition
downstream changes in energy sources to grazers (size vs stream flow experiments)
Term
condition
Definition
abiotic environmental factor
Term
resources
Definition
all things consumed by organism (space, holes, food)
Term
Mecan's filter (lecture 3)
Definition
dispersal? behavior? abiotic factors? biotic factors? [KNOW ANSWERS for yes and no]
Term
environmental heterogeneity
Definition
refuges, hazards... opportunites for organisms depend on its body size
Term
life in moving fluids (steve vogel)
Definition
small, slow organisms subject to forces (ie water strength, gravity, turbulence)
Term
intraspecific interactions
Definition
ganet (birds 'a peck apart'); interactions b/n individuals of same species
Term
cows and termites (cellulose)
Definition
have gut microbes that digest the cellulose and animals can process what these bacteria excrete
Term
species richness
Definition
increases with area, decreases with elevation, on island can be modeled as balance between immigration and extinction of species
Term
species richness
Definition
higher at equator
Term
consequence of greenhouse warming
Definition
redistribution of water in space and time (reduced snow storage in Sierra increased intensity of flashy, erosive runoff)
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