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Biology 1a
Biology GCSE
31
Science
11th Grade
04/05/2017

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the purpose of Carbohydrates?
Definition
To release energy.
Term
What happens when you excercise?
Definition
Your metabolic rate goes up and stays high for some time when you finnish.
Term
What can eating too much lead to?
Definition
It can lead to obesity and obesity related health problems eg Arthritis, Type 2 Diabetes, High Blood Pressure and Heart Disease.
Term
What can eating too little lead to?
Definition
It can lead to malnourishment and other malnourishment problems eg slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection, irregular periods, scurvy.
Term
What is Cholesterol?
Definition
A fatty substance that is essential for good health and found in every cell in the body. An increased blood cholesterol level increased the risk of cancer.
Term
What does food with more Salt (sodium) lead to?
Definition
Health problems such as high blood pressure.
Term
What are Bacteria?
Definition
Very small living cells which make you feel ill by damaging your cells and producing toxins.
Term
What are Viruses?
Definition
They are not cells and they replicate themselves by invading your cells and using that cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves causing the cell to burst releasing all the new viruses. The cell damage makes you ill.
Term
How does your body prevent microorganisms getting inside the body?
Definition
Your skin, hairs and mucus inside your respiratory track stop there microorganisms from getting inside your body. Also platelets help blood clot quickly to seal wounds.
Term
What are the three ways White Blood Cells fight disease.
Definition

1. Consuming them and digesting them.

2. Producing antibodies to attach to the foreign antigens and kill the cell.

3. Producing antitoxins to counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria.

Term
What are Vaccinations?
Definition
Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms which carry antigens which causes your white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack them. This prevents you from getting the disease in the future as your cells remember the foreign cell and can rapidly produce the antibodies to fight the disease off.
Term
Name some Advantages of Vaccines.
Definition

1. Helped control lots of diseases which were once common eg Polio and Rubella.

2. Epidemics can be prevented if a large number of the population are injected.

Term
Name some Disadvantages of Vaccines.
Definition

1. They don't always work.

2. You can sometimes get a bad reaction.

Term
What are Painkillers?
Definition
Painkillers (eg Asprin) are drugs that relieve pain, they don't get rid of the disease only relieve the symptoms.
Term
What are Antibiotics?
Definition

Antibiotics (eg Penicillin) are drugs that kill bacteria, without killing your own body cells.

 

Term
How can Bacteria become resistant to Antibiotics?
Definition
Bacteria can mutate and be resistant to antibiotics. When antibiotics are used, only the non-resistant strain will be killed. The resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce. This is an example of natural selection.
Term
How is Agar Jelly used to investigate antibiotics?
Definition
Microorganisms are grown in a culture medium (agar jelly) containing the microorganisms to grow. Agar jelly is poured into a petri dish. Inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to the agar jelly. Paper discs of antibiotics are placed around them. The resistant strains will continue to grow but the non-resistant strains will die.
Term
What did Semmelweis do?
Definition
He worked in a General Hospital in the 1840's and he saw that women were dying in huge numbers after childbirth from a disease called Puerperal Fever. He believes doctors were spreading the disease on their unwashed hands. By telling doctors to wash their hands in an antiseptic solution, he cut the death rate from 12% to 2%.
Term
What is the Central Nervous System?
Definition
Where all the information from the sense organs are sent and where the reflexes and actions are coordinated.
Term
What is a Synapse?
Definition
The connection between two neurones. The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse against the gap.
Term
What are Reflexes?
Definition
Automatic responses to certain stimuli - reducing the chances of being injured.
Term
Describe the Reflex Arc.
Definition
Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory Neurone, Relay Neurone, Motor Neurone, Effector, Response.
Term
What are Hormones?
Definition
Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.
Term
Name three characteristics of Nerves.
Definition

1. Very fast action

2. Act for a very short time

3. Act on a very precise area.

Term
Name three characteristics of Hormomes.
Definition

1. Slow action

2. Act for a long time

3. Act in a more general way

Term
Name the four stages of the Menstrual Cycle.
Definition

1. Lining of the uterus breaks down

2. Lining of the uterus builds up

3. Egg is released

4. Lining of the uterus is maintained

Term
Where is FSH produced and what does it do?
Definition

Produced in the Pituitary Gland and causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries.

 

Term
Where is LH produced and what does it do?
Definition

Produced in the Pituitary Gland and stimulates the release of an egg to mature in around the middle of the menstrual cycle.

 

 

Term
Where is Oestrogen produced and what does it do?
Definition

Produced in the Ovaries and causes the Pituitary Gland to produce LH and also inhibits the release of an egg.

 

 

Term
How is Oestrogen used to reduce fertility.
Definition
It prevents the release of an egg. If the level of Oestrogen remains high, it inhibits the production of FSH so egg developments stops.
Term
How is FSH used to increase fertility.
Definition
Used to stimulate egg release in ovaries.
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