Term
| 3 unique junctions between cells |
|
Definition
-gap junctions
-desmosomes
-tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms |
|
|
Term
| animals diversified rapidly during the |
|
Definition
Cambrian explosion
~550 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| first animals are estimated to have evolved approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how old is the first fossil to have been found |
|
Definition
575 million years ago
~ Ediacaran fauna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular stage when cells are arranged in the form of a hollow ball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cup shaped multicellular stage where tissue layers form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation from blastula to gastrula stage |
|
|
Term
| incomplete cleavage occurs when there is |
|
Definition
| a large body of yolk concentrated in one part of the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two layers: an outer ectoderm, and an inner endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three layers; ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm that lies between |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus develops later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anus develops from the blastopore, and the mouth forms later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a body shape with many equal parts radiating outward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a body shape with a central longitudinal plane that equal but opposite halves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs on he anterior end of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animal that lacks an internal, fluid filled body cavity
~flatworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animal that has an internal fluid filled body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm tissue
~ earthworms
~mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal that has an internal fluid filled body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm tissue |
|
|
Term
| body segmentation increases |
|
Definition
| control over movement and facilitates specialization of different body regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that stay in one place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that can move around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain energy by eating plants |
|
|
Term
| 4 functions that the appendages have |
|
Definition
-locomotion
-feeding appendage
-antennae
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capture small organisms delivered to them by the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain energy by eating animals |
|
|
Term
| detritivores obtain their energy |
|
Definition
| by feeding on decomposing organic matter (detritus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that live in or on other animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| newborns closely resemble adult organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motile animals disperse as |
|
Definition
| juveniles or upon reaching sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the simplest animals that feed on food particles suspended in the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are diploblastic and have no gut, no mouth and no nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
comb jellies
-diploblastic
-radial symmetry
-use cilia for locomotion
-use a sticky mucus secretion to capture prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diploblastic
radial symmetry
polyp and medusa stage
capture prey using specialized cells called cnidocyctes with nematocysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deuterostome animals fall into 3 major clades |
|
Definition
Echinoderms
Hemichordates
Chordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have a bilaterally symmetrical larval form, but exhibit radial symmetry as adults
-pentaradial symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acorn worms and pterobranchs have a worm-like body organized in three parts: probosics, collar, and trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exhibit following four characters during some stage of their development |
|
|
Term
| 3 main groups of chordates |
|
Definition
cephalochordates
urochordates
vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascidians - Tunicates (sea squirts) are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a jawless fish
-have circular mouths with rasping tongues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dont have a jaw
mostly parasitic
mostly freshwater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are vertebrates that have jaws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharks, skates, rays, ratfishes, and chimeras |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lay eggs that hatch externally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilized eggs mature and hatch in the oviduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| young develop in the uterus and receive nutrients though a placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an air sac used to maintain buoyancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| row of tiny pits on either side of the body that sense movement in the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have an ossified endoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gnathostomes that have limbs and feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frogs, salamanders, and caecilians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| named for major derived character of clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have less permeable skin to reduce water loss, and an elevated stance for easier locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcareous shel protects against desiccation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects the embryo in a fluid filled cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane involved in gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a stockpile of nutrients to be used by the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuatara, turtles, and birds |
|
|
Term
| scale create a waterproof barrier that |
|
Definition
| helps prevent dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ectothermic (except birds, which are endothermic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a boxlike shell that is fused to the vertebrae, ribs and clavicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a pair of holes on each side of the skull, behind the eye socket |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tuatara, lizards, and snakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crocodilians, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living fossil found on islands off the coast of New Zealand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most diverse group of reptiles alive today (except birds(; most are small bodied, but some are large carnivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legless carnivores, some have chemical receptors or heat detecting organs to find prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the only living archosaurs
-alligators and crocodiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most were ectotherms, but some were endotherms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first tetrapods to fly, but their wings were completely different from those of birds or bats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolved before power flight
-courtship, insulation, camouflage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammals and mammal-like reptiles; have one hole behind the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underwent an adaptive radiation after the mass extinction of the dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce milk for offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack nipples, but still produce milk that young lap up off the mother's stomach hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| born very early in development, then completely develop in a maternal pouch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryonic development occurs inside the uterus, connected to the mother by a placenta |
|
|
Term
| major adaptations for primates |
|
Definition
grasping limbs
opposable digits
binocular vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra brain capacity allowed for the evolution of complex language and culture |
|
|
Term
| 2 groups of protostome animals |
|
Definition
| lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larval form that uses cilia for locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colonial animals that live in a "house" made of a material excreted by the body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a ciliated u or o shaped feeding structure called a lophophore |
|
|
Term
| phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
Definition
most are parasitic
two way digestive system |
|
|
Term
| phylum rotifera (rotifers) |
|
Definition
complete digestive tract
-mouth to anus
parthenogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over time changing genders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Nemertea (ribbion worms) |
|
Definition
mostly marine
feed using a hollow, muscular proboscis
-mouth to anus digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tube dwelling marine worms
-chitin
extend lophophore from the tube to feed
can expand in and out of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marine animals that superficially resemble clams, but valves are dorsal and ventral, not lateral
lophophore is located inside the shell |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) |
|
Definition
body segmentation
closed circulatory system
digestive system: mouth to anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worms with chetae (bristles made of chitin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the small bristles are along the sides of the earth worm |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) |
|
Definition
mostly marine
burrowing animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worms with parapodia on each body segment used for locomotion and / or gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| parasites that suck blood from other organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most diverse group of lophotrochozoans
-all have a foot, viscreal mass, and mantle
open circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
snails
slugs
nudibranchs
limpets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ecdysozoans 3 major groups |
|
Definition
| priapulids, kinorhynchs, and loriciferans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical, worm-like animals (not segmented) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microscopic animals that live in marine sediments
13 body segments
retractable proboscis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microscopic animals that live in coarse marine sediments
discovered in 1983
head, neck, thorax, and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) |
|
Definition
cuticle that sheds four times
longitudinal muscles only
digestive system: mouth to anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be free living or parasitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jointed paired appendages on each segment
chitinous exoskeleton and open circulatory system
digestive system: mouth to anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tardigrades (water bears) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myriapods
chelicerate arthropods
crustaceans
hexapods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsoventrally flattened
one pair of legs per body segment
predatory animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not dorsoventrally flattened
have fused segments, so each segment has two pairs of legs
mostly scavengers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, harvestmen, and horseshoe crabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrimp, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and barbacles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more species than any other group of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nymphs look much different from adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the function of living systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's ability to regulate its internal environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment |
|
|
Term
| regulatory systems control homeostasis based on information received |
|
Definition
| by negative or positive feedback mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist of sheets of tightly connected epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for locomotion and other body movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for involuntary generation of forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the beating of heart and pumping of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that encode information as electrical signals, and transmit them over long distances to communicate to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nervous system cells that do not conduct action potentials, but support neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals whose body temperatures are determined by the external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals who regulate their body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that switch from ectotherms to endotherms in either order |
|
|
Term
| generally have lower metabolic rates than endotherms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature by conserving metabolic heat |
|
|
Term
| can regulate body temperature physiologically or behaviorally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behaviorally (endotherms) |
|
Definition
| moving to cooler or warmer locations, wallowing in water or mud, humans adding or removing clothing |
|
|
Term
| physiologically (endotherms) |
|
Definition
| controlling blood flow to the skin, shivering, sweating, panting |
|
|
Term
| metabolic rate is correlated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when body temperature drops below normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| daily torpor, hibernation |
|
|
Term
| elevated body temperatures is an effective way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals release by cells that act over long distances to influence activities of other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water soluble hormones that are easily transported in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid soluble hormones that pass easily through cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized from amino acids (mostly tyrosine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents maturation in arthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates molting in ecdysozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals used to communicate with other individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes growth in a variety of tissues |
|
|
Term
| endorphins and enkephalins |
|
Definition
| the body's natural pain killers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases tropic hormones that control other endocrine glands; controlled by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases antidiuretic hormones to conserve water, and oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions and release of breast milk in women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
releases thyroxine, which regulates cell metabolism by promoting uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis
-releases calcitonin, which reduces blood calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enlarged thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled production of thyroxine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deficiency of thyroxin
-usually caused by lack of iodine in diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increase blood calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers blood phosphate levels to help prevent kidney stones hardening of the arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes body cells to take in glucose and convert it to glycogen and fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits production of insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epinephrine (aka adrenaline) |
|
Definition
| increases heart rate, sends blood to muscles and away from gut and skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar functions to epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| both epinephrine and Norepinephrine hormones control |
|
Definition
| the fight or flight response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence blood glucose concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence salt and water balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by adrenal gland in minimal amounts in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testes and ovaries produce sex steroids |
|
|
Term
| male sex hormones (androgens) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to increase production of sex hormones in females |
|
|
Term
| increased levels of luteinizing hormone |
|
Definition
| increases testosterone production in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that is involved in biological rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seasonal changes in day length trigger physiological responses |
|
|
Term
| External defenses (1st line) |
|
Definition
| provide barriers that cannot be penetrated by infectious microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impenetrable physical barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce viscous fluid that traps microbes (and other particles) |
|
|
Term
| secretions (saliva, tears etc.) |
|
Definition
| provide a hostile environment for microbes by altering ph |
|
|
Term
| Internal defenses (2nd line) |
|
Definition
| phagocytic white blood cells (leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30 proteins in blood serum that fight infection by lysing invading cells and triggering inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit viral reproduction and activate macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage pathogens without harming body cells |
|
|
Term
| localized defense triggered by |
|
Definition
| physical injury or infection of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release histamine which causes heat and swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small proteins which direct migration of phagocytic cells to the site of injury or infection
-scout
-white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| first step in inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| chemical signals cause capillaries to widen |
|
|
Term
| second step in inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| permeable membrane allows fluid, clotting factors and antimicrobial proteins to reach the site |
|
|
Term
| third step in inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| Chemokine attract more phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| fourth step in inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| white blood cells and macrophages phagocytose pathogens |
|
|
Term
| acquired immunity (3rd line) |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes circulate through the blood and provide specific defenses against infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
foreign molecule that elicits a response from lymphocytes
-usually proteins or polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small accessible portion of an antigen to which a lymphocyte can bind using antigen receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first exposure to an antigen |
|
|
Term
| secondary immune response |
|
Definition
subsequent exposure to the same antigen
response in much quicker (2-7 days), and lasts much longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depends on the action of a person's lymphocytes and memory cells
-vaccinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of antibodies fights off infectious agents in the recipient's body
-Transfer of antibodies across the placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersensitive responses to allergens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune system loses its self-tolerance and turns against certain molecules in the body
-think of civil war cells turning on each other |
|
|
Term
| immunodeficiency diseases |
|
Definition
| inability of the immune system to protect the body from pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new individuals form as outgrowths from the body of another individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pieces of individuals are able to regenerate missing body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of offspring from unfertilized eggs |
|
|
Term
| haplo-diploid method of sex determination is common in many social insects |
|
Definition
haploid become male
diploid become female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male germ cells divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia and primary spermocytes |
|
|
Term
| meiosis I spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| forms two diploid secondary |
|
|
Term
| meiosis II spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| forms four haploid spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female germ cells divide by mitosis to form oogonia and primary oocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms a secondary oocyte and a polar body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms a haploid ootid and another polar body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop into ova and polar bodies degrade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals release their gametes into the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adaptation to terrestrial life
-sperm can only disperse through liquid
-prevents desiccation of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct transfer of sperm through physical jointing male and female genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals that can produce sperm and eggs |
|
|
Term
| simultaneous hermaphrodites |
|
Definition
| male and female at the same time |
|
|
Term
| sequential hermaphrodites |
|
Definition
| may function as male or female at different times in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs are released by the female and development is external to the mother's body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilization of the egg and development occur inside the mother's body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fertilized eggs hatch and develop inside the mother
s body, but are not connected to the mother via a placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a mixture of fluid in addition to sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is produced in the testes, mature in the epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| travel to the urethra through the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce eggs, receive sperm, and nurture the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lasts 28 days in human females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs once the egg matures
-egg released from the ovary and moves through the oviduct and into the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs if a blastocyst is not embedded in the endometrium during the next 14 days of ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower half of the egg that has nutrients that gravity has pulled there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper half of the egg contains the egg nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleavage furrows divide the egg completely (eggs with little yolk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleavage furrows do not completely divide the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which signal molecules cause changes in nearby cells |
|
|
