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biology 197 section 4 lecture 2
species interactions and community
67
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2012

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Term
Coevolution
Definition
evolutionary processes in which an adaptation in one species leads to the evolution of an adaptation in a species with which an adaptation in a species with which it interacts
also known as reciprocal adaptation
Term
coevolution (reciprocal adaptation) can lead to
Definition
evolutionary "arms race"
Term
antagonistic interactions
Definition
predator-prey interactions
mimicry systems
herbivory
plants defenses against herbivores
microparasite-host interactions
ectoparasites
Term
chemical defenses
Definition
used to escape or repel predators
Term
aposematism
Definition
toxic prey advertise with warning coloration
Term
mimicry systems
Definition
Batesian and müllerian
Term
Batesian
Definition
non-toxic organisms mimic toxic ones
Term
Müllerian
Definition
many toxic organisms converge on common color patterns
Term
prey species can escape predation by
Definition
crypsis (camouflage)
homotypy-looking like an inedible object
stop moving
run away
develop shells, tough skin, spines, or hair
Term
herbivory
Definition
oligophagous
polyphagous
Term
oligophagous
Definition
specialists that dine on one or a few plants species
Term
polyphagous
Definition
generalists that feed on many different plant species
Term
chemical defense a plant defense would have against herbivores
Definition
secondary metabolites
Term
physical defense a plant defense would have against herbivores
Definition
thorns and spines
Term
microparasite
Definition
host interations
Term
virulence
Definition
ability to cause disease
Term
ectoparasoties
Definition
have mechanisms for attaching to their host
lice, ticks, leeches, mosquitoes
Term
frugivores
Definition
animals that feed on fruit
Term
seed dispersal
Definition
transport seeds and deposit them with feces so they are automatically fertilized locations
Term
mutualistic iterations
Definition
plants and pollinators
seed dispersal
exchange food for care and transport
exchange services for housing and defense
Term
intraspecific
Definition
competition among individuals of the same species
Term
interspecific
Definition
competition among individuals of different species
Term
competitive exclusion
Definition
occurs when one competitor uses limited resources more efficiently and eventually eliminates the other competitor
Term
resource partitioning
Definition
the division of resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors
Term
interference competition
Definition
individuals actively interfere with another's access to resources
-may restrict habitat use
Term
exploitation competition
Definition
individuals reduce the quantities of their shared resources
-may lead to competitive exclusion
-may lead to coexistence
Term
guilds
Definition
groups of species that exploit the same resource, but in different ways
Term
character displacement
Definition
the tendency for character to be more divergent in sympatric populations that in allopatric populations of the same two species
Term
indirect competition
Definition
species may use the same resource in the same location, but at different times
Term
predators can influence competition
Definition
if they prefer one prey species over another
Term
competition can determine species' niche space
Definition
fundamental vs. realized niche
Term
community ecology
Definition
study of the distribution, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations
Term
species richness
Definition
the number of species in a given community
(determined, in part, by energy flow)
Term
primary producers
Definition
convert light (or chemicals) energy into organic molecules
productivity measures the rate of energy accumulation
Term
consumers use
Definition
diverse sources of energy
trophic levels indicate the direction of energy flow
Term
primary producers
Definition
plants
Term
primary consumers
Definition
herbivores
Term
secondary consumers
Definition
predators that feed on herbivores
Term
detritivores
Definition
feed on decomposing organic matter
Term
omnivores
Definition
feed on multiple trophic levels
Term
food webs
Definition
interconnected food chains that illustrate energy flow through a community
Term
second law of thermodynamics states that
Definition
every transfer of energy adds to the entropy of the universe
Term
fewer individuals can be supported at higher tropic levels is an example of
Definition
second law of thermodynamics
Term
energy flow
Definition
calories / m (2 squared) / day
Term
biomass
Definition
grams / m (2 squared)
Term
low energy environments
Definition
cannot support many species
Term
high energy environments
Definition
can support many species up to a point
Term
highest energy environments
Definition
have intense competition, which can lead to competitive exclusion
Term
keystone species
Definition
a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass
Term
alpha diversity
Definition
diversity within a single community
Term
beta diversity
Definition
the change in species composition from one community to another
Term
gamma diversity
Definition
the regional diversity found over a range of communication in a geographic region
Term
species area relationship
Definition
the relationship between the size of an area and the number of species it supports
large areas tend to support more species than small areas
Term
latitudinal gradients
Definition
general trend of decreasing species diversity as latitude increase
-time
-spatial heterogeneity
-specialization
-predation
Term
island biogeography
Definition
immigration and extinction rates
Term
the equilibrium rate of species on an island depends on
Definition
rate of arrival
rate of extinction
Term
succesion
Definition
the species composition of a community changes over time
Term
primary succession
Definition
occurs in an environment where new substrate is deposited
Term
secondary succession
Definition
occurs in an environment where disturbance has cleared substrate that previously supported vegetation
Term
climax community
Definition
the final stage of succession
Term
progress depends on
Definition
the activity of successful colonists
Term
facilitation
Definition
a colonizer modifies the environment in a way that facilitates colonization by other species
Term
inhibition
Definition
early colonists prevent colonization by other species
Term
cyclical succession
Definition
the perpetuation of the climax community is dependent on periodic disturbance
(lodgepole pine and fire)
Term
heterotrophic succession
Definition
succession in detritus based communities
takes place without the inclusion of plants (benthic zones, corpse decay)
Term
species rich communities
Definition
more stable
more efficient use of resources
Term
natural communities
Definition
more stable than managed communities
(monocultures in agriculture)
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