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Definition
| between individuals in the same species |
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| between individuals of different species |
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Definition
| the study of the distributions, abundance, and relations of organisms and their interaction with the environment |
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Definition
| living components of ecosystems |
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Definition
| non living components of ecosystems |
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| sunlight, wind, temperature, and precipitation |
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Definition
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| the measure of weather over the period of 30 years |
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Definition
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| solar radiation varies across the earths surface by |
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Definition
shape of earth
tilt of earth on its axis
orbit of the earth around the sun |
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| air circulation is driven by |
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Definition
| solar energy, and influences regional climates |
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Definition
| a pattern of atmospheric circulation in which warm air rises near the equator, cools as it travels poleward at high altitude, sinks as cool air, and warms as it travels equator ward. |
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| winds that blow predominantly in one direction |
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| prevailing winds are created by |
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Definition
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Definition
| area where we should find the species if the minimum requirements are met |
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| is the area in a fundamental niche that is made from different spices competing for resources. |
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| metabolically adaptations |
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Definition
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Definition
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| morphologically adaptations |
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Definition
decreased surface area to volume ratios
(plants leaves for surface area) |
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Term
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Definition
exploiting microclimates, migration
(organisms moving up or down slopes or birds migrating) |
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Definition
| the worlds major ecosystems, classified according to dominant vegetation, and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment |
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| biomes have changes and moves many times through earths history |
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Definition
plate tectonics
ice ages
warm temperatures rising |
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Definition
| lakes, streams, and wetlands |
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Definition
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Definition
| drowned river valleys, fjords, and lagoons |
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Definition
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Definition
| from land below water begins to the continental shelf |
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Definition
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Definition
| hot and dry, coastal, semi-arid, and cold |
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Definition
| arctic and alpine (high in elevation or high in latitude) |
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Definition
| savanna and temperate (prairie) |
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Definition
| tropical, temperate, boreal (boreal forest area on top of mountains in a desert area) |
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Definition
the study of spatial patterns of biological diversity
vicariance
dispersal |
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Definition
| one population divided into two by land masses (by a mountain range for example) |
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Definition
| large (continental sized) areas with characteristic assemblages of species occupying different biomes |
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Definition
| area where oriental organisms meet there eastern frontal line separation area and where australian organisms meet there western frontal line separation |
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| two scientific advantages transformed the field of biogeography |
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Definition
| plate tectonics and continental drift |
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Definition
| phylogenetic relationships reveal evolutionary history |
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Definition
| individuals of the same species that interact with each other within a given area at a particular time |
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Definition
number of individuals per unit area or volume
-census
-mark-recapture |
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Definition
| the study of population structure and the processes by which it changes |
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| changes within a population are influenced by |
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Definition
| birth rates, death rates, as well as immigration and emigration patterns |
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Definition
| the distribution of individuals across all age groups within a population |
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Term
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Definition
the distribution of individuals in space within a population
determines patterns of interactions between individuals |
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Definition
| organisms moving in a population |
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Definition
| organisms moving out of a population |
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Definition
| a tool ecologists use to track demographic events and rate at which they occur |
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Term
| equation used to estimate changes in population density |
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Definition
n1 = n0 +(B-D) + (I-E)
B=birth rate (natality)--n0=population size at initial time
D=death rate (mortality)--n1=population size at a later time |
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Term
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Definition
| follow a group of individuals born at the same time until the last one of the group dies |
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Term
| time specific life tables |
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Definition
| take a cross section of the population and determine what age class each individuals is in |
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Term
| life tables are used to calculate |
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Definition
| fecundity, mortality, survivorship |
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Definition
| number of offspring produced by each female |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of individuals in an age class that die before reaching the next age class |
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Definition
| proportion of individuals that are alive at each age |
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Term
| survivorship curve type I |
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Definition
| high rate of survival to adulthood |
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Term
| survivorship curve type II |
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Definition
| mortality risk constant at all ages |
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| survivorship curve type III |
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Definition
| high rate of mortality as juveniles that decreases with age |
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Term
| intrinsic rate of increase |
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Definition
a population's per capita growth rate
r = b - d
if r > 0, the population is growing
if r = 0, the population is at equilibrium
if r < 0, the population is in decline |
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Term
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Definition
| the age at which individuals are able to reproduce (generation time) |
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Definition
| number of progeny produced per reproductive event |
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| number of reproductive events |
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Definition
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| semelparity reproductive event |
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Definition
| organisms reproduce only once |
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Term
| iteroparity reproductive event |
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Definition
| organisms reproduce multiple times |
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| competition for limited resources |
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Definition
can reduce number of births
can increase mortality (starvation) |
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Term
| populations are capable of exponential growth |
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Definition
d/n/dt=rn
change in # individuals/change in time = rate of population growth x population size |
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Definition
| (K)-the number of individuals that can be supported by resources of the environment |
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Term
| population that reach carrying capacity experience logistic growth |
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Definition
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Term
| density dependent factors |
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Definition
dwindling food supply
predators attracted to large prey populations
disease spreads more easily |
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| density independent factors |
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Definition
| abiotic factors such as drought, fire, etc. |
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Definition
| species whose life history strategy allows for a high intrinsic rate of population increase (r) |
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Definition
| species whose life history strategy allows it to presist at or near the carrying capacity (k) of its environment |
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Term
| control of population densities |
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Definition
use of abundant vs. rare resources
small vs. large body sizes
introduced species
evolutionary history |
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Definition
| groups of populations that vary in connectivity and resources |
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Definition
| where individuals can go back and forth between populations |
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Definition
| where populations move to one direction mainly on the outside |
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Definition
| as long as there is a source of immigration then there is a chance for this effect |
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Term
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Definition
| use of natural enemies to reduce population sizes of other species (mosquitofish) |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of too many individuals so the remaining population cannot maintain population sizes |
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Definition
| to effectively manage populations it is crucial to understand the organisms' life histories and population dynamics |
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Definition
| is growing exponentially, but earth's resources are not |
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