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biology 197 section 3 lecture 2
Circulation and gas exchange
104
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/21/2012

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Term
heart pumps
Definition
hemolymph through vessels into spaces surrounding the organs
Term
closed circulatory system
Definition
cardiovascular system
Term
heart chambers
Definition
atria
ventricles
Term
atria chamber
Definition
receive blood
Term
ventricles
Definition
pump blood
Term
blood
Definition
is a connective tissue with cells that are suspended in plasma
Term
arteries
arteries-arterioles
Definition
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Term
veins
capillaries-venules-veins
Definition
vessels that return blood to the heart
Term
plasma
Definition
the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended
mostly water but also contains inos and blood proteins
Term
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Definition
lack nuclei
the most numerous blood cells
biconcave (both sides concave)
hemoglobin (carry oxygen and co2)
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
the iron-containing oxygen transport protein in red blood cells
Term
leukocytes (white blood cells)
Definition
fighting infections is the primary role
5 different types: monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (develop into b and t cells)
Term
platelets
Definition
clotting factors that allow one to "self-seal" in the case of a small cut or scrape
no nuclei-fragment of cell
Term
hemophilia
Definition
genetic defect that affect the clotting process of platelets
Term
pluripotent
Definition
have the ability to develop into many different types of cells

replace old and damaged blood cells
Term
erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes
Term
most fish have a two chambered heart
Definition
one atrium
one ventricle
flow: ventricle->gills->aorta
Term
lungfish have a three chambered heart
Definition
one aorta receives oxygen poor blood from the body

one aorta receives rich blood from the lung
Term
amphibians have a three chambered heart
Definition
pulmonary and systemic circulation is partially separated

supplement oxygen by absorbing it through the skin
Term
some reptiles have a three chambered heart

turtles-snakes-lizards
Definition
ventricle is partially divided by a septum
Term
some reptiles have a four chambered heart

crocodilians
Definition
two ventricles, each with an aorta

two aortas are connected by a blood vessel
Term
mammals and birds have a four chambered heart
Definition
two atria
two ventricles
right side pumps oxygen poor oxygen blood
left side pumps oxygen rich blood
Term
unidirectional blood flow is ensured by
Definition
valves
Term
atrioventricular valves
Definition
prevent back flow into the atria once ventricles contract
-tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
prevents back flow into the ventricles from arteries once ventricles relax
-pulmonary and aortic valve
Term
heart murmur
Definition
when valves don't close properly

squirt blood in the opposite direction
Term
cranial vena cava and caudal vena caudal both deliver oxygen poor blood to the
1
Definition
right atrium
Term
blood flows from the right atrium though the tricuspid valve and into the
2
Definition
right ventricle
Term
the right ventricle contracts, pushing blood though the pulmonary semilunar valve into the
3
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
pulmonary trunk divides into
4
Definition
pulmonary arteries
Term
pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the
5
Definition
lungs
Term
blood flows from the left atrium through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the
7
Definition
left ventricle
Term
left ventricle contracts and pushes the blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the
8
Definition
aorta
Term
arteries branch off the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the capillary beds in the
9
Definition
head and forelimbs
Term
more arteries branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the capillary beds in
10
Definition
abdominal organs and hind limbs
Term
capillaries, venules and veins in the head and fore lims converge into the
11
Definition
cranial vena cava
Term
capillaries, venules and veins in the abdomen and hind limbs converge into the
12
Definition
caudal vena cava
Term
atria
Definition
contract and push blood into ventricles
Term
ventricles
Definition
contract much more strongly and pump blood to all body organs
Term
the heart contracts and relaxes in
Definition
a rhythmic cycle
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
systole and diastole
Term
systole
Definition
contraction phase
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation phase
Term
heart rate
Definition
number of beats per minute
Term
stroke volume
Definition
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction
Term
two atrioventricular valves
Definition
tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
Term
two semilunar valves
Definition
pulmonary and aortic
Term
pulse
Definition
the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood driven by the contraction of the ventricles
Term
lub
Definition
caused by blood recoiling after hitting the closed atrioventricular valves
Term
dup
Definition
sound caused by blood recoiling after hitting closed semilunar valves
Term
heart murmur occurs when
Definition
one or more valves do not function properly
Term
sinoatrial (sa) node or pacemaker
Definition
controls the rate and timing of contraction of cardiac muscles (sinus rhythm)
Term
artioventricular (av) node
Definition
delays electrical impulses to insure the atria empties before the ventricle contracts
Term
governed by principles of physics
Definition
blood vessels are the infrastructure
Term
arteries are thick walled to withstand
Definition
the high pressure associated with concentration
Term
veins are thin walled, and convey
Definition
low pressure blood back to the heart as a result of muscle contractions
Term
blood flow slows at
Definition
the aorta divides into arteries, and arteries divide into arterioles
Term
slow blood flow
Definition
maximizes the amount of time for transport substances across capillary walls
Term
blood pressure is much higher in arteries than in
Definition
veins
Term
systolic pressure
Definition
high blood pressure when ventricles of the heart contract
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
lower blood pressure when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed
Term
eating
Definition
increased blood flow to digestive tract
Term
exercising
Definition
increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
Term
only about 85% of all fluid that enters the interstitial fluid
Definition
makes it back into the veins on its own
Term
the remaining 15% of blood returned to the blood stream via the
Definition
lymphatic system, a series of vessels that attaches to the vena cava near its junctions with the right atrium
Term
lymph
Definition
clear water
Term
lymph vessels have
Definition
small valves that prevent fluid from flowing backwards
Term
lymph nodes are centers that filter the
Definition
lymph
and attack viruses or bacteria that are circulating
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
type of leucocyte
Term
LDLs
Definition
low density lipoproteins bad cholesterol-deposits plaques
Term
HDLs
Definition
high density lipoproteins good cholesterol-reduces plaques
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
harding of the artery walls
Term
hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
hypertension promote
Definition
atherosclerosis
which if left unchecked can lead to heart attack
Term
heart attack
Definition
interrupt supply to the heart
Term
stroke
Definition
interrupt blood supply to the brain
(hemorrhagic, ischemic)
Term
every organism must
Definition
exchange materials and energy with its environment
Term
multicellular organisms have evolved
Definition
physiological systems for exchange and transport of materials
Term
the uptake of molecular oxygen
Definition
comes from the environment
Term
the release of carbon dioxide
Definition
goes to the environment
Term
respiratory surface
Definition
the part of the body where gas exchange occurs
Term
air is a better respiratory medium than water because
Definition
oxygen diffuses more readily through air
Term
most insects use what for gas exchange
Definition
trachaea
-spiracles
-air sacs
Term
fish gills use
Definition
countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange
Term
gills are supported by gill arches that
Definition
lie between the mouth and the opercular flaps
Term
bird lungs use
Definition
unidirectional air flow to maximize gas exchange
air flow
trachea->bronchi->parabronchi->aircapillaries
Term
negative pressure breathing works like a suction pump that
Definition
pulls air instead of pushing it into the lung
Term
tidal volume
Definition
the volume inhaled and exhaled with each breath
Term
vital capacity
Definition
the maximum tidal volume during forced breathing
Term
residual volume
Definition
amount of air that leaves the lungs
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
protein that consists of four subunits, each of which contain a cofactor called a heme group with an iron atom at its center
Term
breathing control centers located in 2 areas of the brain stem
Definition
medulla oblongata
pons
Term
co2 produced by tissues diffuses into the
1
Definition
interstitial
Term
90% of that co2 attaches to
2
Definition
red blood cells
Term
some co2 is transported by
3
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
most co2 reacts with water to
4
Definition
form carbonic acid (h2 co3)
Term
h2 co3 dissociates into
5
Definition
hco-3 and h+ ions
Term
hemoglobin binds to most of the h+
6
Definition
preventing it from acidifying the blood
Term
most of the hco-3 diffuses
7
Definition
into the plasma where it is carried to the lungs
Term
in the lungs, hco-3 diffuses into
8
Definition
red blood cells, and converts back to h2 co3
Term
h2 co3 is converted
9
Definition
converted back into carbon dioxide and water
Term
carbon dioxide is unloaded from
10
Definition
hemoglobin and released into the interstitial fluid
Term
carbon dioxide diffuses into the
11
Definition
alveolar space, and is then expelled during exhalation
Term
blood loses co2 and picks up
6
Definition
o2 in capillary beds in the lungs, then returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins
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