Term
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Definition
| learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs) |
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Term
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Definition
| use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
a genetically determined behavior (e.g., web spinning spiders)
- performed without learning
- stereotypic – performed the same way
each time
- cannot be modified by learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of behavior from an evolutionary perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| animals raised in an environment without the ability to learn a behavior from conspecifics |
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Term
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Definition
| specific stimuli that are subsets of environment that determine behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
the immediate genetic,
physiological, neurological, and developmental mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
what is the stimulus for the behavior,
and has the behavior been modified through
learning? |
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Term
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Definition
| asks:how does behavior change with age, and what experiences are necessary for it to be displayed? |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary processes that produced the capacity and tendency to behave in certain ways |
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Definition
asks:how does the behavior affect survival
and reproduction (fitness)? |
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Term
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Definition
asks:how does behavior compare with
similar species and how might it have evolved? |
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Term
| How do we determine the way genes influence behavior? |
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Definition
Breeding experiments
Knockout experiments
Gene cascades |
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Term
| Can test if a specific behavior is genetically determined |
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Definition
Once an individual with an unusual behavior is identified, researchers perform genetic crosses between that individual and a “normal” individual.
If Mendelian ratios are observed in the progeny,then the behavior is likely controlled by a small number of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| reveal the roles of specific genes |
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Term
| how are knockout experiments done? |
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Definition
| Researchers block the expression of specific genes then watch for changes in behavior.If behavior is altered by “knocking out” the gene,then that gene is responsible for the behavior (at least in part) |
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Term
| how do Hormones play a role in the development of behavior |
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Definition
| Exposure to certain hormones (e.g.,testosterone) early in life can determine expression of behavior at a later age |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| limited amount of time during which imprinting occurs |
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Term
| Some behaviors result from what? |
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Definition
| combination of genetics, imprinting, and hormonal timing. |
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Term
| what is an example of Animal Behavior |
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Definition
| Bird songs – male birds learn songs soon after hatching, but do not sing them until reaching sexual maturity |
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Term
| what is an animal's behavior a result of? |
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Definition
a series of choices made throughout its lifetime such as
-Finding appropriate habitat
-Finding conspecifics indicates suitable habitat,and provides mating opportunities |
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Term
| Trade-offs of behavioral choices? |
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Definition
-Time and energy are limited
-Animals must often choose one activity over another
-Animals cannot afford to engage in behaviors that cost more than the benefits they provide |
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Term
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Definition
the difference between performing
and not performing a certain behavior |
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Term
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Definition
the increased chance of being injured or
killed as a result of performing a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
the benefit the animal forgoes by
not performing other behaviors during the same time period |
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Term
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Definition
Territories attract mates (pay-off)
Time spent defending territories has costs
- cost of patrolling the territories (energetic cost)
- cost of reduced foraging (opportunity cost)
- cost of higher predation (risk cost) |
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Term
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Definition
extreme form of territorial behavior
-Males defend prime locations within a given area (cost)
-Females choose males to mate with based on the territory they control (pay-off)
-Benefit to females is their offspring receive genes that make them strong competitors |
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Term
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Definition
organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their energy intake per unit time
-Food items are selected based on energy content,handling time, ease of finding, and nutritional content |
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Term
| what does Biological rhythms coordinate behavior with? |
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Definition
environmental factors such as
Circadian rhythms:daily cycles of activities
- timing of eating, drinking, sleeping, etc.
Circannual rhythms – cycles of growth or activity that occur on an annual basis
- hibernation, migration, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| orientation using landmarks |
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Term
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Definition
returning to a specific location
- chemical signals, magnetic fields, etc.
- philopatry, fidelity |
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Term
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Definition
The way by which individuals exchange information with each other such as
Chemical signals
Visual signals
Acoustic signals
Mechanosensory signals
Combinations of the above |
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Term
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Definition
| male mate with one female |
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Term
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Definition
| males mate with more than one female |
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Term
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Definition
females mate with more than one
male |
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Term
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Definition
behavior by an individual that benefits
another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor |
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Term
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Definition
| combined fitness from survival of an individual’s own offspring and that of its close relatives |
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Term
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Definition
a phenomenon of inclusive fitness
used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals |
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Term
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Definition
social organization of some animals
that represents the most extreme form of kin selection |
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Term
| Eusocial animals (e.g., ants, bees, wasps) often have what? |
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Definition
| many non-reproductive individuals |
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Term
| Non-reproductive individuals help reproductive relatives survive to maturity. what does this do? |
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Definition
| ensures contribution of their genes to the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
competition from conspecifics for mates,
food, etc.; large groups may attract predators; increased disease transmission |
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Term
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Definition
more efficient foraging; lower
individualistic probability of predation; alarm calling |
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