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biology 197 section 3
section 3 lecture 3
82
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/28/2012

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Term
All animals are what
Definition
heterotrophs
Term
Herbivores
Definition
eat autotrophs such as plants and algae
Term
Carnivores
Definition
eat other animals
Term
Omnivores
Definition
eat a combination of animal and plant or algal matter
Term
Detritivores
Definition
eat organic matter from dead organisms
Term
what is homeostasis
Definition
The steady state physiological condition of the body
Term
what is the process of homeostasis?
Definition
Glucose regulation maintains ATP synthesis

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

When not enough glucose is taken in, glycogen is broken down
Term
Undernourishment
Definition
when an organism’s diet is chronically deficient in Calories
Term
Overnourishment
Definition
when an organism’s diet is excessive in Caloric intake
Term
Obesity
Definition
a global health problem
- evolution of cravings
- leptin
Term
An animal’s diet must
Definition
supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients
Term
Essential nutrients
Definition
materials that must be obtained in a preassembled form because the animal cells cannot make them from raw materials
Term
Malnourishment
Definition
occurs when a diet is missing one or more essential nutrients
Term
Essential amino acids
Definition
animals require 20 amino acids to synthesize proteins, but most animals can only make half of those amino acids on their own
Term
how many amino acids do humans have
Definition
eight essential amino acids (with a ninth, histidine, essential for infants)
Term
what are the most reliable source for amino acids?
Definition
Animal products such as meat eggs cheese etc
Term
what are the 8 essential amino acids?
Definition
Tryptophan
Methionine
Valine
Threonine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Lysine
Term
Essential fatty acids
Definition
certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make on their own
Term
why do Humans require linoleic
acid
Definition
to make phospholipids for cell
membranes.
-Plant & Vegetable oils
*Deficiencies are rare*
Term
Vitamins
Definition
organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
Term
what are some of the serious consequences when a person has vitamin deficiencies?
Definition
scurvy = degeneration of skin, teeth and blood vessels; results from vitamin C deficiency
Term
how many vitamins are essential for humans?
Definition
13
Term
Minerals
Definition
inorganic molecules required in the diet
Term
Macronutrients
Definition
elements needed in large amounts (e.g., calcium)
Term
Micronutrients
Definition
elements needed in trace amounts (e.g., iron)
Term
Ingestion
Definition
the act of eating
Term
Digestion
Definition
the process of breaking food particles
down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
Term
Absorption
Definition
uptake of small molecules (e.g., amino acids, simple sugars) by cells
Term
Elimination
Definition
passing of undigested material out of
the digestive compartment
Term
Suspension feeders
Definition
sift small food particles from water (e.g., baleen whales)
Term
Substrate feeders
Definition
live in or on their food source (e.g., many insect larvae)
Term
Fluid feeders
Definition
suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
(e.g., mosquitos)
Term
Bulk feeders
Definition
eat relatively large pieces of food (e.g.,
lions, pythons)
Term
Herbivores eat matter that is
Definition
low in energy. Have specialized grinding, rasping, cutting, and/or shredding mouth parts.
-Special enzymes help break down tough plant matter (e.g., cellulose)
-Some have specialized gut morphologies (e.g.,ruminants), or elongated ceca that aid in digestion
Term
what kind of food do carnivores eat?
Definition
food that is high in energy.
Must detect, capture and kill their prey (usually)
*Some are scavengers*
Term
Radula
Definition
a toothy, tongue-like ribbon used by mollusks to scrape food
Term
Mandibles
Definition
appendages used by many arthropods to grasp, crush, or cut food
Term
Gizzard
Definition
muscular portion of the gut that contains
small stones (or grains of sand) used to grind food
Term
Teeth
Definition
small calcified structures used by many vertebrates to break down food
Term
Mammalian teeth have a 3-layered structure. what is it?
Definition
Enamel – hard material covering the crown
Dentine – bony material inside the crown and root
Pulp cavity – contains blood vessels, nerves, etc.
Term
Mammalian teeth are specialized for different functions. what are they
Definition
Incisors – used for cutting
Canines – used for ripping and tearing
Premolars – used for shearing
Molars – used for grinding
Term
Gastrovascular cavity
Definition
digestive pouch with a single opening
Term
Complete digestive tract (alimentary canal)
Definition
a digestive tube connecting two openings,a mouth and an anus
-Usually consist of an esophagus, stomach
(or crop), intestines, and rectum
Term
Extracellular digestion
Definition
the breakdown of food outside of cells
Term
what are the 2 kinds of Extracellular digestion?
Definition
Mechanical – breakdown of food using force (e.g.,chewing, grinding)
Chemical – breakdown of food using hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., saliva, stomach acid)
Term
Intracellular digestion
Definition
the breakdown of food inside of cells, often using hydrolytic enzymes(e.g. phagocytosis and lysosomes)
Term
what is mechanical digestion
Definition
- Chewing
- Swallowing (tongue)
- Esophagus (peristalsis – unidirectional)
- Lower esophogeal sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter
- Ileocaecal sphincter
- Anal sphincter
Term
Saliva
Definition
chemical digestion:contains hydrolytic enzymes
*Example: Amylase hydrolyzes the bonds between glucose monomers in carbohydrates*
Term
Stomach
Definition
acids hydrolyze bonds in food particles
Term
Chief cells
Definition
located in stomach: secrete pepsin which digests protein
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
located in the stomach: secrete HCl
Term
why is mucus secreted during chemical digestion
Definition
to protect cells lining the
stomach from digestive enzymes and acids
Term
where does most chemical digestion occur?
Definition
the small intestine
Term
what are the 3 sections of the small intestine that humans have?
Definition
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Term
Liver
Definition
synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol and
secretes them as bile
Term
where is bile stored?
Definition
in the gallbladder
Term
Bile duct
Definition
transfers bile from the gallbladder to the
duodenum of the small intestine
Term
bile is important for doing what
Definition
digesting fats
Term
Pancreas
Definition
large gland that lies just behind and below
the stomach
Term
Exocrine gland
Definition
secretes digestive enzymes into
the duodenum (e.g., trypsin – digests proteins)
Secretes bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to neutralize pH
(Also an endocrine gland that secretes hormones)
Term
where does 90% of the absorption of digested food occur?
Definition
the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine
Term
Villi
Definition
tiny projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
Term
Microvilli
Definition
microscopic projections from villi that
increase the surface area of cell membranes available for absorption
Term
what are the different ways absorption occurs?
Definition
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active transport
- Co-transport
Term
how do nutrients absorbed in the small intestine go to the liver
via the hepatic portal vein?
Definition
Water and ions are absorbed by the large intestine(colon)
Term
where are feces produced
Definition
the colon.
Constipation occurs when too much H2O is
absorbed
Diarrhea occurs when too little H2O is absorbed
Term
Secretin
Definition
causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Term
Gastrin
Definition
stimulates the stomach to secrete
digestive enzymes and to move
Term
Absorptive state
Definition
food is in the gut and is being absorbed
Term
Post-absorptive state
Definition
no food is in the gut
Term
what does "metabolism is continuous" mean?
Definition
animals in a post absorptive state(no food in the gut) use reserved energy
Term
where do Lipoproteins move fats from sites of storage to?
Definition
sites of use
-HDL's
-LDL's
-VLDL's
Term
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Definition
“good lipoproteins” move cholesterol from the tissues to the liver
Term
Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Definition
“bad lipoproteins” transport cholesterol for biosynthesis and storage
Term
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Definition
“very bad lipoproteins” that transport triglycerides to adipose tissues
Term
Metabolism of fuel molecules (e.g., glucose) is controlled by what?
Definition
insulin and glucagon
Term
Insulin
Definition
directs glucose to where it will be used
or stored
Term
Glucagon
Definition
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream
Term
Leptin
Definition
hormone produced by fat cells that curbs
appetite
*Morbidly obese people often do not
produce leptin, or do not have functional
leptin receptors*
-Insulin also helps control appetite
Term
Excretory systems maintain what?
Definition
volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluids
Term
Osmosis
Definition
controls water content of cells.
Excretes products of metabolism or excess salts (e.g.,NH3+) while saving what we need
Term
Urine
Definition
the output of the excretory system
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