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| The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is |
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| Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? |
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| When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose level declines. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose level is the result of |
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| In a hypothetical world, every 50 years people over 6 feet tall are eliminated from the population. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average height of the human population will |
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| Which of the following is (are) true of natural selection? |
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Definition
| results in descent with modification, involves differential reproductive success, requires genetic variation |
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Term
| In hypothesis-based science, deductive reasoning is used to predict a result that would be found if a particular hypothesis is correct. |
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| When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? |
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| Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? |
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| Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor. |
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| The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life is the |
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| cell–for example, a skin cell |
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| Through time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by |
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| A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? |
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| Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
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Definition
| The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. |
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| How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? |
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| Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers? |
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| Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects. |
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| Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule? |
[image] |
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Term
| Which functional groups can act as acids? |
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The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5.
[image]
Figure 4.5
In which of the structures are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds? |
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| A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? |
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Definition
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| Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? |
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Definition
| a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond |
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Term
| A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it |
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Definition
| would function as both an acid and a base |
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Term
| All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? |
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Definition
| the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function |
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Term
| The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that |
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Definition
| light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells |
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Term
| Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? |
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Term
| According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? |
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Definition
| They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane |
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Term
| Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes? |
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Definition
| a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another |
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Term
| Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule |
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Term
The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.
[image]
Figure 7.3
If you examine side A after 3 days, you should find |
| [image] |
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Definition
a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level |
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Term
| What are the membrane structures that function in active transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is true for sodium-potassium pump in animal cells? |
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Definition
| it maintains high potassium concentration inside the cell |
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Term
| What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? |
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Definition
| splitting the water molecules |
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Term
| What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis? |
| [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because |
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Definition
| this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm |
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| As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? |
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Term
| What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? |
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Definition
| establishment of a proton gradient |
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Term
| What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? |
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Definition
| They are inversely related |
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Term
| Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions |
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Term
For the following questions, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.
Requires glucose |
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Definition
| neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle |
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Term
For the following questions, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.
Produces NADPH |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? |
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Definition
| from G2 of interphase through metaphase |
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| Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle was the nucleus with 6 picograms of DNA? |
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| Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex? |
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| Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all but which of the following ways? |
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction is utilized only by fungi and protists, whereas sexual reproduction is utilized only by plants and animals |
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Definition
| A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape |
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Term
| Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? |
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Definition
| Each cell has 8 homologous pairs |
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Term
| How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis? |
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Definition
| They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA |
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Term
| Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? |
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| Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring unless which of the following occurs? |
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Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common?
I. Alternation of generations
II. Meiosis
III. Fertilization
IV. Gametes
V. Spores |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis? |
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Definition
| They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA |
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Term
For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase IV. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of |
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Definition
| the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I |
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Term
| A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This suggests |
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Definition
| that the parents were both heterozygous |
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Term
Use Figure 14.1 and the following description to answer the questions below.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 14.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square.
[image]
Figure 14.1
Which of the plants will be true-breeding? |
| [image] |
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Use the information given here to answer the following questions.
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.
A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible? |
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Definition
| Green and yellow offspring |
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this? |
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Definition
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Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
These results indicate which of the following? |
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| In snapdragons, heterozygotes for one of the genes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have red or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers? |
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Use the following information to answer the questions below.
A woman who has blood type A has a daughter who is type O and a son who is type B
Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? |
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The following questions refer to the pedigree chart in Figure 14.2 for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, wooly hair. Unaffected individuals are indicated by an open square or circle.
[image]
Figure 14.2
What is the genotype of individual II-5? |
| [image] |
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Definition
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| In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? |
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Definition
| Tortoiseshell females; black males |
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Term
Refer to the following information to answer the questions below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
What proportion of their sons would be color-blind and of normal height? |
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Term
| How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase of meiosis I, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)? |
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Definition
| n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1 |
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Term
| Down syndrome has a frequency in the U.S. population of ~ 1/700 live births. In which of the following groups would you expect this to be significantly higher? |
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Definition
| No groups have such higher frequency |
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Term
The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome:
[image]
Figure 15.1
Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination? |
| [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe? |
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Definition
| Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form |
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Term
Which of the following investigators was/were responsible for the following discovery?
In DNA from any species, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter? |
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Definition
| Purines pair with pyrimidines |
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Term
| What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA? |
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Definition
| The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA polymerase III? |
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Definition
| to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand |
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Term
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork:
3' C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5'
An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following covalently connects segments of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end |
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Term
| Which would you expect of a eukaryotic cell lacking telomerase? |
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Definition
| a reduction in chromosome length |
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