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Nuclear envelope enclosing DNA (linear molecules) Compartmentalized (membrane-bound organelles) Different from prokaryotic cells in cell wall composition, cell division, genetic recombination, some metabolic pathways |
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-No nuclear envelope (circular DNA in nucleoid region) and accessory circular DNA molecules called plasmids -No endomembrane system or very simple -Differ from eukaryotic cells in cell wall composition, cell division, genetic recombination, some metabolic pathways |
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-Contains linear chromosomes (DNA + proteins) -Two membranes, inner and outer nuclear envelopes - |
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-for production of chemical energy from sugars. -in almost all Eukaryotes, -Two membranes, outer smooth and inner folded. -Contain DNA and ribosomes |
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-Site for production of energy from sunlight = PHOTOSYNTHESIS. -in plants and some protists. -Contain DNA and ribosomes |
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-modification of proteins -synthesis of some polysaccharides (plants) -stack of flattened membrane-bound discs |
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theory of organelle formation |
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ER: Ribosomes attached to ER (ER membrane keeps them separate from proteins produced by free ribosomes and remain in cytosol) depart from cell wrapped in transport vesicles to golgi apparatus (proteins modified, stored, sent to other destinations) -GOLGI APPARATUS: vesicle adds its membrane & contents to cis face by fusing with Golgi membrane. Modifies proteins. Vesicles pinch off trans face & travel to other sites, carrying proteins to other locations or plasma membrane for secretion. -Lysosome/Vacuoles: Lysosomes digest materials taken into cell and recycle intracellular materials. Food vacuoules fuse with lysosomes during digestion. Contractile vacuoles maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside cell. Central vacuole of plant cell stores organic (proteins) & inorganic (K, Cl), cell's site of disposal for metabolic by-pproducts, contain pigments, absorbs water to enlarge cell. Endocytosis: ER → Golgi → plasma membrane/lysosome/vacuoles: cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from plasma membrane
Other way: Exocytosis: Cellular secretion of biological molecules by fusion of vesicles containing them with plasma membrane.
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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-Network of membrane-enclosed tubes, discs
-Connected to outer membrane of nucleus
-ROUGH ER has ribosomes -Transmembrane and secreted proteins made outside of RER and inserted inside for modification
-SMOOTH ER is for lipid synthesis (sterols, steroid hormones)
-No ribosomes. |
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-in plant and fungal cells, for digestion, processing, storage |
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| Chemical evolution hypothesis |
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-Atmosphere of ancient Earth: CO, CO2, H2, water, NH3, N2 -Production of small carbon-based compounds such as formaldehyde (H2CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) -Formation of middle-sized, building block molecules: aminoacids, sugars, nucleotides |
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| Human eye, Light microscope, Electron microscope |
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-Human eye: some nerve & muscle cells, chicken egg, frog egg -Light microscope: Fish egg, plant/animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondria -Conventional light microscopy
-Fluorescence microscopy
-Confocalmicroscopy -Electron microscope: plant/animal cells, nucleus, mitochondria, smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids, small molecules, atoms -Scanning electron microscopy
-Transmission electron microscopy |
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| Principle of excitation and emission |
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| Applications of fluorescent protein tags |
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-Protein labeling (proteins fuse to the fluorescent protein) -Now, we have fluorescent proteins that cover most of the visible spectrum |
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Dynamic system of fiber-like polymers -Microtubules made of β tubulin and α tubulin
-Microfilaments made of actin -Intermediate filaments made of keratin-type proteins
(not in plants) |
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•Maintenance of cell shape
•Organelle movements
•Chromosome movement in cell division
•Cell motility (as in cilia or flagella) -Plus end: high rate of polymerization and de polymerization -Minus end: more stable; attached to a microtubule organizing center (MTOC).
-(animal cells) MTOCs are called centrosomes and contain 2 centrioles. -Centrioles: 2 cylinders each with a ring of 9 microtubule triplets Movement mediated by microtubules 1. By extension or shortening- adding or removing tubulin molecules 2. By using attached motorproteins Ex: kinesin -“walks” vesicles along microtubule(+) Move cilia and flagella |
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projections from cell, enclosed by cell membrane, that bend
Long, few = flagella
Short, many = cilia |
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