Term
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Definition
| biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organelles, tissue, cells, organelles, molecules |
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Term
| dynamics of ecosystems depend on |
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Definition
| cycling of nutrients, flow of energy |
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Term
| interactions between organisms and their environment take place in |
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Definition
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Term
| consumers, decomposers, producers |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lowest level of structure that can perform all the necessary functions for life? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 5 characteristics of prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
| found in bacteria, no organelles. smaller, simpler, dna in non enclosed nucleoid region. |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| found in plants and animals, nucleus largest organelle. larger, more complex, nucleus enclosed by a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| entire book of genetic instruction that an organism inherits |
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Term
| # of diversity of known life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| branch of biology that classifies species |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, archea, eurkarya |
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Term
| three characteristics of archea |
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Definition
| extremeophiles, life in high salt, high methane |
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Term
| three major multicellular kingdoms (and how they obtain food) |
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Definition
| plants (produce their own sugar by photosynthesis) fungi (decomposers, digest dead organisms), animals (eating and digesting other organisms) |
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Term
| unity in the diversity of life |
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Definition
| lower levels of structures, all life uses the same genetic language of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what and when did charles darwin publish? |
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Definition
| The Origin of Species, 1859. |
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Term
| Darwin's book developed two main points: |
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Definition
| 1) decent with modification- organisms change from generation to generation. 2) natural selection- why these changes differ in frequency |
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Term
| the mechanism of evolution |
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Definition
| natural selection: unequal reproductive success. |
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Term
| two examples of natural selection: |
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Definition
| 1) beak size of galapagos finches based on the size and shape of available seeds. 2) antibiotic resistant bacteria have evolved in response to the overuse of antibiotics. |
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Term
| the origin of the word science |
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Definition
| derived from the latin verb meaning "to know" |
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Term
| why has science developed? |
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Definition
| from people's curiosity about themselves |
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Term
| why is the scope of science limited? |
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Definition
| it seeks natural causes, so it can only study processes we can observe and measure |
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Term
| what is the key element of the scientific process |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference in a scientific theory and a hypothesis? |
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Definition
| a theory is more broad and scope and only accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence |
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Term
| what characterized the scientific culture |
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Definition
| cooperation and competition |
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Term
| 2 key characteristics of matter |
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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Term
| Matter is composed of __________ ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substances that cannot be broken down into other substances |
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Term
| # of naturally occurring elements on earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of the element |
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Term
| It is made up of ________ and _______ and surrounded by __________. |
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Definition
| protons (+ charge, 1 mass unit) neutrons (0 charge, 1 mass unit) and electrons (- charge, 0 mass unit) |
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Term
| what is characteristic about the protons and neutrons within elements? |
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Definition
| the # of protons and neutrons are the same in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons, stable or unstable. |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more elementes combined |
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Term
| where do you find protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom? |
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Definition
| protons and neutrons are tightly packed within the nucleus while the electrons orbit the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by the number of protons |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sum of the protons and neutrons |
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Term
| what do electrons determine? |
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Definition
| how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms |
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Term
| the farther away an electron is from the nucleus... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what to chemical reactions enable atoms to do? |
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Definition
| give up or acquire electrons to complete their outer shells |
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Term
| what causes an electron to become charged? |
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Definition
| when an atom loses or gains an electron |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a bond formed between oppositely charged ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons |
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Term
| what is the strongest chemical bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| atoms held together by a covalent bond forms a |
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Definition
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Term
| the number of covalent bonds an atom can for is equal to |
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Definition
| the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in chemical composition of matter by the cells rearranging molecules by breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones. |
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Term
| chemical reactions include what two components? |
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Definition
| reactants, starting material. products, end material. |
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Term
| what percentage of your cells are composed of water |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| where did life on earth begin according to evolution |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the _________ of water results in _______ ______ |
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Definition
| polarity, hydrogen bonding |
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Term
| water's 4 life supporting properties |
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Definition
| 1) water molecules stick together. 2) water has a strong resistance to change in temperature. 3) frozen water floats. 4) water is a common solvent for life. |
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Term
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Definition
| when water molecules stick together because of hydrogen bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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Term
| why does water have unusually high surface tension? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference in heat and temperature |
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Definition
| heat is the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter while temperature measures intensity of heat |
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Term
| difference in heat and temperature in water |
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Definition
| water can absorb and store large amounts of heat while only changing a few degrees in temperature |
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Term
| why do temperatures stay within limits that permit life? |
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Definition
| earth's giant water supply |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules move farther apart, there are less than in liquid water, so it is less dense |
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Term
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Definition
| a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| when water is the solvent, the result is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the universal solvent |
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Definition
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Term
| most critical molecule on the planet for life to exist |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical compound that releases H+ into a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that accepts H+ and removes it from the solution |
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Term
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Definition
| used to describe the acidity of a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that resist pH changes |
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Term
| how can you tell the difference in covalent and ionic bonds? (2) |
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Definition
| 1) ionic bonds are between a metal and non metal. 2)covalent bonds SHARE electrons where as ionic bonds give and take electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| carbon forms large, complex and diverse molecules that are |
|
Definition
| essential for life's functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many electrons does a carbon have in its outershell? How many can it hold? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many COVALENT bonds can a carbon form? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| carbon can use its bonds to... (2) |
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Definition
| 1) attach to other carbons. 2) form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons |
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Term
| simplest organic compound |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| methane (single carbon attached to four hydrogens) |
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Term
| name two types of larger hydrocarbons |
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Definition
| 1) those used to fuel engines. 2) fat molecules used to fuel our bodies. |
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Term
| the unique properties of an organic compound depend on (2) |
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Definition
| 1) its carbon skeleton. 2) atoms attached to the skeleton. |
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Term
| group of atoms that participate in chemical reactions are called... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name three important functional groups |
|
Definition
1) hydroxyl (-OH)
2)carboxyl (C=O)
3)sulfhydryl (-SH) |
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Term
| give the definition of a hyrdoxyl, then explain its importance. also list 4 characteristics |
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Definition
| 1) an oxygen atom covalently bonded with a hydrogen atom. 2) important in bio chem because of its tendency to form hydrogen bonds both as a donor and receptor. 3) alcohols. 4) carbohydrates. 5) hydrophilic. 6) soluble. |
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Term
| four important macromolecules |
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Definition
| 1) carbohydrates 2)proteins 3) lipids (not steroids) 4) nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stringing together many smaller monomers |
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Term
| give two characteristics of a dehydration reaction |
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Definition
| 1) links two monomers together 2) removes a molecule of water |
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Term
| list 3 characteristics of hydrolysis |
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Definition
| 1) breaks bonds between monomers 2) adds a molecule of water 3) reverse the dehydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| two places carbs are found |
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Definition
| 1) in soft drinks (small molecules) 2) in pasta and potatoes (long start molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars |
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Term
| examples of monosaccharides (2) |
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Definition
| 1) glucose in sports drinks. 2) fructose in fruit |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures |
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Term
| what is the main fuels for cellular work |
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Definition
| monosaccharides or simple sugars |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1) a double sugar, 2) constructed by two monosaccharides, 3) formed by a dehydration reaction |
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Term
| name three disaccharides, where they are found and what they are made up of |
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Definition
1) lactose in milk (glucose+galactose)
2) maltose in beer, milkshakes (glucose+glucose)
3) sucrose in table sugar (glucose+fructose) |
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Term
| the main carb in plant sap is... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the U.S is one of the leading markets for.. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the average american consumes... |
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Definition
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Term
| the level of carbs we eats correlates with |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of a polysaccharide is, what uses it, and where do we find it in our diet? |
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Definition
| starch, used by plants to store energy, potatoes and grain |
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Term
| what is used by animals to store energy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which is the most abundant organic compound on earth? |
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Definition
| cellulose, which cannot be broken down by most animals |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| two characteristics of lipids |
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Definition
| 1) neither macromolecules or polymers 2) hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 essential functions fat performs |
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Definition
| 1) energy storage 2) cushioning 3) insulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the carbon skeleton has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| skeleton has the maximum number of hydrogens |
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|
Term
| saturated fats have no ______ ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most animal fats have high proportions of ________ _____ _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most animal fats are _________ at room temperature |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most plant oils are low in _________ _______ _____ and are ________ at room temperature |
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Definition
| 1) saturated fatty acids 2) liquid |
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|
Term
| name 4 characteristics of hydrogenation |
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Definition
| 1) adds a hydrogen 2) converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats 3) makes liquids into solids at room temperature 4) creates unhealthy trans fats |
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|
Term
| how are steroids different from fats |
|
Definition
| the carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings |
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|
Term
| cholesterol is what kind of base? |
|
Definition
| a base steroid, from which your body produces other steroids like estrogen and testosterone |
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|
Term
| anabolic steroids resemble... |
|
Definition
| testosterone structurally |
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|
Term
| anabolic steroids can cause ____ and ___ problems |
|
Definition
| physical and mental (enlarged heads and smaller genitalia) |
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|
Term
| proteins are polymers or monomers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins are constructed of ______ ____ ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| proteins form _______ which _________ |
|
Definition
| enzymes, change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process |
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|
Term
| how many amino acids construct proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each amino acid consist of? |
|
Definition
| a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four partners and three of them must be common to all amino acids |
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|
Term
| are amnio acids polymers of monomers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a carboxyl look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do cells link amino acids together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to linked amino acids form? |
|
Definition
| peptide bonds, or polypeptides |
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|
Term
| what makes proteins differ? |
|
Definition
| the arrangement of amino acids |
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|
Term
| what is a proteins primary structure |
|
Definition
| the specific sequence of amino acids |
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|
Term
| what cause denaturation of a protein? |
|
Definition
| unfavorable temperatures of pH changes |
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|
Term
| three things misfolded proteins can cause |
|
Definition
| alzheimers, mad cow disease, parkinson's |
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|
Term
| Nucleic acids include __ and __ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long strands of chromosones that are ONLY VISIBLE during certain time of a cells life |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific part of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence |
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Term
| the DNA must be translated from ___ to_____ |
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Definition
| nucleid acid language to protein language |
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Term
| what type of bond connect the bases of one DNA strand to another |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bond (AT and GC) |
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|
Term
| DNA's structure is a ___ ____ while RNA is ___-___- |
|
Definition
| double helix, single-stranded |
|
|
Term
| what base does RNA use instead of T? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can we use to explore the structures and functions of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two characteristics of cell theory |
|
Definition
| all living cells come from other cells and all living things are composed of cells |
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|
Term
| all cells have ____ and _____, which build _____ |
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Definition
| DNA, ribosomes (which build protein) |
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|
Term
| all cells have a ________ ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region between the nucleus and plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| converts light energy to the chemical energy oh foods |
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|
Term
| the plasma membrane is compose mostly of (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls the fluidity of the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what helps regulate traffic across the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of cell walls |
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Definition
| 1) made of cellulose 2) protect the cell 3) maintain shape 4) keep the cells from absorbing too much water |
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Term
| extracellular matrix in animal cells does what 3 things |
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Definition
| holds cells together, protects and supports them |
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|
Term
| _____ in the ____ store information necessary to produce _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does most of the work in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double membrane called the nuclear envelope |
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|
Term
| what allows material to go between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ribosomes made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long DNA molecules and protein fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| individual fibers of long chromatin |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosones do humans have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what diseases can be caused by unequal number of chromosones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is responsible for proteins synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ribosomes made and where are they assembled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two different ways ribosomes assemble protein |
|
Definition
| 1) suspended in cytoplasm 2) attached to ER |
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|
Term
| 3 steps DNA takes to making protein |
|
Definition
1) codes its info into mRNA
2) mRNA leaves nucleus through pores
3) ribosomes envelope the mRNA and translate into specific animo acid sequences |
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|
Term
| the main manufacturing facilities in the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studding the outside of the ER membrane |
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|
Term
| what happens after ER synthesizes a molecule? |
|
Definition
| it packages the molecule into transport vesicles |
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|
Term
| what does smooth ER produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what works in partnership with the ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 things does golgi do with chemical product |
|
Definition
| receives, refines, stores and distributes |
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Term
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes found in animal cells |
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|
Term
| the enzymes in lysosomes break down what four things |
|
Definition
| proteins, polysaccharides, fats, nucleic acides |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organelles perform photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitochondria is site for ______ _____ |
|
Definition
| cellular respiration, produce ATP from the energy of food molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner membrane with numerous folding on the mitochondria |
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