Term
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Definition
| method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size and type |
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Term
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Definition
inheritance of traits
---
scientific study of heredity and heredity variation |
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Term
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Definition
| traits are inhereited like particles, can go back to parent stage |
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Term
self-fertilization
---
cross-fertilization |
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Definition
fusion of sperm and egg that are produced by the same individual organism
---
two different varities of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygous; meaning different alleles like Ss or Ff |
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Term
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Definition
| crosses between identical homozygotes (same alleles) SS or ss |
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Term
P generation
---
F1 generation
---
F2 generation |
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Definition
parent stage, individuals from which offspring are derived
---
"kids" stage; (first filial) offspring in a genetic cross-fertilization
---
"grandkids" stage; (second filial) offspring from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation |
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Term
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Definition
different forms of the gene (like S and s=long and short)
---
unit or inheritance that causes traits
---
specific place on chromosome desribing a gene |
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Term
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Definition
in a heterozygote, the allele that is fully exposed in a phenotype (shown trait)
---
the allele that is completely masked in a phenotype (hidden trait) |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing of genotypes (alleles) |
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Term
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Definition
alleles; the genetic makeup of an organism
---
looks; physical and physiological traits of an organism |
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Term
allele segregation
---
independent assortment |
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Definition
based on monohybrid cross 3:1
---
different genes assort independently |
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Term
monohybrid
---
dyhybrid cross
---
testcross |
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Definition
one trait at a time, results from a cross betwen parent homozygotes for different alleles (SS cross with ss to produce monohybrid Ss)
---
two traits at a time, two genes at a time, two chromosomes at a time
---
mate unknown individuals (crossing of SS and ss = 1/2 Ss [long] and 1/2 ss [short]) |
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Term
incomplete dominance
---
codominance |
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Definition
heterozygote shows intermediate phenotype, dominant allele had the same phenotype effect whether present in or two copies
--- heterozygote expresses both traits (alleles) |
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Term
pleitropy
---
polygenic trait |
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Definition
one gene causes many traits
---
one trait is caused by many genes |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene makes or "dominates" the effects of another gene |
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Term
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Definition
| different parts of body express different genes |
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Term
sex chromosomes
---
autosomes |
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Definition
how gender is caused (X and Y)
--- chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a gene (DNA) that results in a new allele |
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Term
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Definition
| twised ladder, form of native DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| copying one strand into two |
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Term
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Definition
lock and key fit that characterizes DNA
---
original strand |
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Term
unwinding
---
pairing
---
joining |
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Definition
hydrogen bonds break, strands separate, pull apart
---
fre base pair with compliments
---
enzymatic formation of backbone links, linking monomers together |
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Term
triplet-codon
---
codon
---
anticodon |
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Definition
three codons (ex. AGC), a set of three nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
---
three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal, the basic unit of genetic code
---
(tRNA) triplet, basic triplet at one end of the time tRNA molecule that recognizes a paticular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
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Term
initiation
---
elongation
---
termination |
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Definition
start codon
---
peptide bond
---
stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
tape, by proces of transcription
---
anticodon triplet (transfer RNA) linker betwen mRNA and amino acids
---
part of ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| change in DNA sequence that makes a new allele |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in the hemoglobin gene in the sixth codon |
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Term
missense mutation
--- nonsense mutation
---
frameshit mutation |
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Definition
base substitution which converts one amino acid into another, change one amino acid into another
---
converts amino acid into a stop codon, causing a truncated protein, change of one amino acid into a stop codon
---
base insertion or deletion, which shifts the reading frame, insert or delete one or more nucleotides |
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Term
operon
---
operator
---
promoter
---
repressor |
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Definition
group of genes regulated together
---
made of DNA, noncoding place on DNA where repressor binds
---
made of DNA, noncoding (non transcribed) place on DNA wher RNA polymerase binds
---
made of protein, bind operator and bind lactose but not simutaneously (switch on/off) |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar molecule (lactose) which binds repressor proteins and prevents it from binding operator |
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Term
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Definition
protein monomer of a nucleosome
---
eight histone; fit into cube structure, DNA packaging |
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Term
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Definition
(interrupted) junk DNA
---
cuts out introns from the RNA and stitches (splices) the exons together to make mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
DNA fingerprinting (cut DNA) restrict enzyme - Frangment Length Polymorphasm
---
DNA amplifying - Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Term
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Definition
shared (developmental) organs
1. clitoris = penis [orgasm trigger]
2. labia = scrotum [male and female genetalia] |
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Term
ovary
---
oviduct
---
ovulation |
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Definition
gonad of female
---
internal set of tubes in female (where fertilization happens) aka fallopian tube
---
release of egg into oviduct tubes |
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Term
follicle
---
corpus lutefum |
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Definition
feed or nourish eggs
---
gland in ovary; self destructs in two weeks unless it is rescued by embryo "signal"; turns yellow |
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Term
vagina
---
clitoris
---
Bartholin's Gland |
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Definition
genital opening
---
bulb like structure in female that increases in size when sexually aroused
---
secretes lubricant during sex |
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Term
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Definition
conception to nine weeks
---
nine weeks to nine months |
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Term
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Definition
gamete producing facotry (gonad)
---
sealed up folds in male |
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Term
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Definition
set of tubes in males
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in women, stays as is; in men, enveloped in penis |
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Term
seminal vesicle
---
prostate
---
Bulbourethral Gland |
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Definition
secretes nutrient fluid to allow sperm survival
---
gland that secretes Alkaline (base) fluid that neutralizes acid of female reproduction tract
---
secretes mucus functions as lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
| subdivided male gonad into smaller pipes, as sperm matures and moves from here to epididymis |
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Term
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Definition
tubes
---
tissues that secretes hormones |
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Term
spermatogenic cells
---
interstitial cells |
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Definition
make sperm
---
secrete testosterone; "between crevices" |
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Term
differentiation
---
morphogenisis |
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Definition
process of cellular specialization
---
shaping |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of cleavage when an embryo can be split into twins or fused into "chimeras" |
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Term
releasing hormone
---
FSH
---
LH |
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Definition
peptides from hypothalamus in brain released to pituitary gland
---
stimulates spermogenisis; Follicle Stimulating Hormone
---
causes secretion of testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| female hormones (steroid) made in gonad |
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