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Biology 1308 Chapter 6
Metabolism
32
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2016

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Term
Energy
Definition
used by all living organisms in order to perform "work", reproduce, and maintain life.
Term
Autotrophic
Definition
"self-feeding" and can either be Photoautotrophic or Chemoautotrophic
Term
Photoautotrophic
Definition
converting light energy into chemical enerfy in the process of Photosynthesis
Term
Chemoautotrophic
Definition
converting chemical energy from inorganic compounds found in the Earth into organic chemical energy-carrying compounds in the process of Chemosynthesis
Term
Producers
Definition
Autotrophic and Chemoautotrophic
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
"differnet feeding"

other organisms that obtain their energy from other living organisms.
Term
Consumers
Definition
are Heterotrophic and consume their energy.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the sum or total of all of the biochemical reactions which take place inside of an organism.
Term
Anabolic Reactions
Definition
chemical reactions can be ANABOLIC REACTIONS which build larger molecules from smaller molecules.
Term
Catabolic Reactions
Definition
chemical reactions can be CATABOLIC REACTIONS which break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
the synthesis or formation of Glucose converting light energy into chemical energy.
Term
Chemosynthesis
Definition
the synthesis of organic compounds within an organism, with chemical reactions providing the energy source.
Term
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Definition
is the breakdown of Glucose using Oxygen converting the chemical energy in Glucose into a different, temporary, chemical energy-carrying molecule call ATP
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
is energy at rest

ex: water behind a dam. It has the potential to create electricity by moving through the dam turning a generator but is not doing so.
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
is a type of Potential Energy. It is the energy stored int he bonds between atoms. Chemical Energy is stored when a bond is created and released when a bond is broken.
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
is the energy of motion.

ex: water moving through a dam converting the energy of motion into electricity.
Term
Heat Energy
Definition
or the temperature of a substance is a type of Kinetic Energy and causes atoms to vibrate or get excited.
Term
Light Energy
Definition
is the motion of photons or a type of radiation.
Term
Exergonic Reactions
Definition
are energy-releasing reactions such as AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Term
Endergonic Reactions
Definition
are energy-storing reactions such as Photosynthesis.
Term
Activation Energy (Ea)
Definition
is the quantity of energy needed in order for chemical reactions to occur. This is usually in the form of Heat Energy.
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
is the transfer of Heat Energy from a warmer substance to a cooler substance. Heat Energy only flows from warmer to cooler substances.
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. In other words, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted from one form into another.

ex: Light Energy being converted into Chemical Energy during Photosynthesis.
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
states that during the conversion of energy from one form into another, some energy is "lost", the disorder or ENTROPY of the universe increases. This means that the universe goes from a highly ordered state to a disordered state.
Term
ATP (Adenosine Triphospphate)
Definition
powers nearly all forms of cellular work.
consists of the nitrogenous base Adenine, the five-carbon sugar Ribose, and three Phosphate groups.
cycles between ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and ATP storing and releasing energy.
a renewable source of energy.
during the ATP cycle, energy is releases during the breakdown of Glucose, and this released energy is used to generate ATP.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
function as biological catalysts by lowering the Energy of Activation needed for reaction to begin.
(see paper for many facts about Enzymes)
Term
Substrate Specific
Definition
is when an enzyme is very selective in the reaction it catalyzes and its shape determines what the enzyme acts upon.
Term
Substrate
Definition
the specific reactant that an enzyme acts on.
Term
Active Site
Definition
is the region of enzyme a substrate fits into.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
if the environmental conditions that an enzyme works in are too extreme, such as too hot, too cold, too acidic, etc. the conditions may change the shape of the enzyme rendering it useless.
Term
Cofactos
Definition
many enzymes require theses non-protein helpers.
which help bind it to the active site and function in catalysts.
some are inorganic, such as Zinc, Iron,and Copper.
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
a Cofactor is an organic molecule, such as most vitamins that is called a COENZYME.
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