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| molecules tending to raise the hydrogen in [ ] in a solution and to lower its pH numerically |
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| (-COOH) a functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydronxyl, which has the formula (C=O)OH; usually writter as -CO2H |
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| One of four nitrogen contaning bases in nucleotide composing the structure of DNA & RNA |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| an energy carrier in cells "energy packets" supplying energy to a wide variety of cell's chemical reactions |
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| common secondary structure of protiens and is a right handed coil in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to backbone C-O group of the amino acid four residues |
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| (-NH2) organic compounds and funtional groups that contains a N atom with a lone pair; derivatives of NH3 has been repalced with a subsitute |
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| Monomer of a protein; takes its name form the fact that it contains a amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH) |
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| Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion [ ] in a solution and raise the pH numerically |
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| Second form of regular secondary structure in proteins; consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least 2-3 backbone hydrogen bonds forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet |
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| Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes in a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
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| Class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
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| Polysaccharides that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls |
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Complementary Base Pairing |
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| Hydrogen bonding between particular bases in DNA, Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A), Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C); in RNA, Uracil (U) pairs with A, and G pairs with C |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| Type of nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells |
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| A sugar contained in DNA; a monosaccharide with formula H-(C=O)-(CH2)-(CHOC)3-H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom |
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| an organic molecule that either contains two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds |
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| Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide ex. Maltose |
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| Double spiral; describes the 3-D shape of DNA |
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| Six-Carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a sourse of Energy during cellular respiration |
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| it is a simple polyol compound; it has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature; the Glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides |
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| One of four nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
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| Storage polysaccharides, found in animals, that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches |
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| Iron containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with and transports oxygen |
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| Weak bonds that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom at one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule |
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| Splitting of a compound by the addition of water wither the hydrogen ion being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other |
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| Organic compounds that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids |
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| maltobiose or malt sugar; is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, formed from a condensation reaction; Maltose is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains; Maltose is the disaccharide produced when amylasebreaks down starch; can be broken down into two glucose molecules by hydrolysis |
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Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer ex. Glucose is a monomer of starch |
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| Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydyolysis |
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| Are produced by dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids. Used as padding and insulation; Monoglycerides, triglycerides, diglycerides |
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| Is a Nitrogen containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base; and organic compound that owes its properties as a base to the lone pair of e- of a nitrogen atom |
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| Are large biological molecules essential for all known forms of life; DNA and RNA together with protiens; nucelic acids are the most important biological Macromolecules; function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genitic information |
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| monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogeneous bas and a phosphate group |
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| molecule that always contains a Carbon, Hydorgen, and often contains oxygen as well; organic molecuel are associated with living things |
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| Covalent bond that joins two amino acids |
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| Measurement scale for hydrogen ion [ ]; ranges from 0(acid) to 14 (base), with 7 as neutral |
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| Is an inorganic chemical; in organic chemistry it is an ester of phosphoric acid |
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| Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar hydorphilic head bonded to two non-polar, hydorphobic tails |
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| refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a moleculoe or its chemical groups having an electric dipole of multipole moment |
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| Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids |
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| polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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| Polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers |
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| this level of structure id determined by the sequence of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide. |
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| Organic macormolecule composed of one or several polypeptides |
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| This level of structure occurs when two of more polypeptides join to form a single protein |
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a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the main chain or backbone |
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| Nucleic acid produced by covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
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| Is a organid compound with the formula C5H10O5; a monosaccharide wit linear form H-(C=O)-(CHOH)4-H, which has all hydroxyl groups on the same side in the fisher projection |
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| molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydorcarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum number of hydorgen |
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| Hydrogen bonding between amimo acids causes the polypeptide to form an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet. |
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| Fluids such as water, that dissolves solutes |
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| Storage polysaccaride found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains |
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| Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; ex. cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone |
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| is the major structureal component of the DNA molecule; is constructed by alternating Ribose sugar and phosphate molecules which are highly polar; hydrophillic |
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| Water is a temperature regulator; preventing over heating and not loosing too much temperature |
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| Due in part to covalent bonding between R groups tha polypeptide folds and twists, giving it a characteristic globular shape. |
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| one of four nitorgen-containing bases in nucleotides conposing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine |
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| Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chains |
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| One of four nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA; pairs with adenine |
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| One of four nitrogen-containg bases in the nucleotides composing of the structure of DNA of RNA; pairs with guanine |
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| Is a Chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule for the reacting molecule |
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| A substance that lessens friction between moving surfaces; and transporting forgien substances; ex. saliva |
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