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| The portion of the earth and its atmosphere that can support life. |
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| A mixture of traditional science, personal and societal values, and political awareness. |
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| A system of interdepedent living and nonliving components and their interactions in a given area, over a given period. |
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| All the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment. Organisms, their presence, parts, interaction, and waste. Disease, parasites. |
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| Non-living physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Light temperature, pH, DO, pollutants. |
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| Environmental activists group established in 1892. |
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| Can be renewable, nonrenewable, or perpetual. A commodity that is valueable in its relatively natural form. |
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| a natural resource that cannot be re-made, re-grown or regenerated on a scale comparitive to its consumption. Such as fossil fuels, petroleum, or natural gas. |
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| an attempt to provide the best outcomes for the human and natural environments both now and into the indefinite future |
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| is any natural resource that is depleted at a rate slower than the rate at which it regenerates, or a natural resource that is depleted at such a rate that it is unlikely to be depleted in the conceivable future. A |
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| A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from undesirable changes brought about by certain human choices |
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| the major driving force of adaptation in environmental changes/ changes in a population's makeup through successive generations |
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| any group of potentially interbreeding organisms of the same species occupying a certain area |
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| Principal mechanism (in relation to evolution) |
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| The complex process by which the totality of environmental factors determines the non-random and differential reproduction of genetically different organisms. It is viewed as the force which directs the course of evolution by preserving those variants or traits best adapted to survive. |
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| random changes in gene pool |
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| non-randomly keeps what contributes to survival and production of offspring and eliminates what doesn't work |
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| Four principles of natural selection |
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genetic variation
overproduction of offspring
struggle for existence
differential reproduction |
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| Example of natural selection |
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Finches of galapagos
insecticide resistant insects
antibiotic resistant bacteria |
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| favors intermediate variants and occurs in relatively stable environments (middle course) |
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| shifts the overall makeup of a population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes (left or right) |
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| occurs when environmental conditions are varied in a way that favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range (two peaks) |
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| Why can't natural selection fashion a perfect organism? |
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organisms are locked into historical constraints
has to be in gene pool
adaptations are often compromised
not all evolution is adaptive
selection can only edit existing variations |
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| A total collection of genes in a population at any one time |
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| The relative frequencies of alleles (from the gene pool) in a population change over a number of generations |
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| Examples of microevolution |
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dark and light colored moths
sicle cell anemia
antibiotic resistance |
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| Speciation-The process by which one species becomes two. |
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| Necessities for Macroevolution |
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| geographic isolation and reproductive isolation |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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| The principle that states that no matter how many times alleles are segregated into different games by meiosis and united in different combinations by fertilization, the frequency of each allele in the gene pool will remain constant unless acted on by other agents |
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| Five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg |
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large population
no migration
no mutations
random mating
no natural selection |
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| interactions between two species over a long period of time can actually cause microevolution of each species |
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Role of certain species in an ecosystem that represents the adaptive traits that a species has acquired through evolution
(different from habitat-habitat is just a physical location) |
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| the full potential range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resouces a species could use if there was no direct competition from other species |
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| the part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies |
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| humans select desirable traits in a population and use selective breeding to end up with populations containing large number of individuals with those traits |
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| the total variety of genetic strains, species and ecosystems which change with evolution |
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| a place where a species lives and grows |
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| A photosynthetic green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium, constituting the first trophic level in a food chain; an autotrophic organism |
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| (in the food chain) an animal that feeds on plants; a herbivore |
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| in the food chain) a carnivore that feeds only upon herbivores |
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| a carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores; an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers. |
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| Large areas made up of many ecosystems with similar vegetation and climate |
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| Temperate deciduous forest |
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| Areas with moderate average temps, distinct seasons, abundant precipitation. Find hickory, oak, poplar and sycamore with thick leaf litter. |
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| a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment |
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any process (production,decomposition,energy flow)that approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance
can be too little or too much |
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| the capacity of certain processes within an ecosystem that will be sustainable to life |
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| the maximum range of life that can be sustained by an ecosystem |
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| the total weight of all organic matter in a food chain or web |
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| percentage of useable energy transferred |
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all the nutrients organisms need continuously cycled from the nonliving environment to living organisms
ex: carbon,nitrogen,phosphorous,sulfur, and hydrologic |
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| carbon from biomass and lithosphere is transferred into the atmosphere through photosynthesis decomposition and respiration then returned through diffusion |
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| saltwater/marine aquatic ecosystems |
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estuaries, coastlines,coral reefs, coastal marshes,mangrove swamps, and oceans
covers 71% of earth surface |
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| freshwater aquatic ecosystem |
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| lakes, ponds, streams,rivers, adn inland wetlands |
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| phytoplankton and zooplankton |
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| barnacles, oysters, worms, crabs |
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| upper layer of aquatic life zone through which light can penetrate( sometimes called photic zone) |
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| twilight zone of aqautic life |
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| no light in aquatic life zone |
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coastal/intertidal
pelagic
bathyl
abyssal |
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littoral (most productive)
pelagic
profundal (compare to bathyl) |
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one of three lentic (standing) freshwater
pretty but no diversity or nutrients |
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one of three lentic (standing) freshwater
middle diversity and nutrients |
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one of three lentic (standing) freshwater
most diverse |
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standing freshwater such as lakes, ponds, inland wetlands
can be oligotrophic, mesotropihc, or eutrophic |
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flowing such as streams and rivers
measured by dimensions (logitudinal, lateral, vertcal, time) |
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| the area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater |
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| Watershed Protection Approach |
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a strategy for effectively protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems and protecting human health
working to solve problems at the watershed level |
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| Upper Chattahoochee and Upper Etowah |
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| recreational use or power generation |
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| agricultural uses and all groundwater withdrawals |
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| surface runoff-precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere |
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| precipitation that infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids in soil and rock |
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| areas where voids are completely full of water |
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| top of the zone of saturation which falls in dry weather and rises in wet weather |
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| porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows |
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| how aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation |
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| organic waster,disease-causing wastes, plant nutrients,toxic substances,persistent substances, sediments, radioactive substances, and heat |
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| measure of the amount of oxygen needed to decompose organic matter |
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| disease-causing wastes in water |
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bacteria such as cholera,typhoid fever, and dysentery
viruses such as Hepatitis (A,E,F)
protists such as dysentery and giardiasis |
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| sediments (water pollution) |
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by weight most abundant water pollutant, contains nutrients, and affects aquatic life more than humans
(smothers fish eggs, prevents light, contaminates habitats-PAHs) |
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| plant nutrients (water pollution) |
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algal and plant growth limited by nitrogen and phosphorus
nitrate in drinking water pose health threats |
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| toxic substances(water pollution) |
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organic-oils, gasoline, greases, solvents,cleaning agents, biocides,synthetics
inorganic-acids from mines,salt from roads, metals from industry |
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| persistent substances(water pollution) |
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DDT, DAH, PCBs
(higher trophic levels are worse off)
plastic products |
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| radioactive substances(water pollution) |
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from mining and processing radioactive materials
nuclear accidents
production and testing of weapons
use of cooling water in power plants |
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causes shifts in structure of biotic communities
water is used for cooling purposes and returned
(hot water holds less oxygen) |
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| Solutions to water depletion |
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| increase supply,reduce demand,managing water resources |
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| "dry scene"-landscaping with slow growing,drought tolerant plants to conserve water and reduce yard trimmings |
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| Species that are not native to a given ecosystem and whose introduction to that ecosystem caues or is likely to casue economic or environmental harm or harm to human health |
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| an alien,foreign, or non-native introduced species that occurs in locations beyond its natural range |
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| any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas |
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any discarded solid or liquid material that meets one or more of four criteria:
contains one or more of 39 toxins
flammable
unstable
corrosive to metal containers |
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