Term
| What respiratory challenges do aquatic animals face? How do these differ from those faced by terrestrial animals? |
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Definition
| Low oxygen concentrations in water, supported by warm and salty water. To endure this, fish utilize respiratory pigments. Also ventaliation is used, the process of increasing teh flow of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface. Countercurrent exchange. |
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Term
| How do ventilation and the countercurrent exchange mechanism increase the amount of oxygen absorbed by gills? |
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Definition
| Ventilation uses paddle-like appendages to to drive a current of water over the gills. Countercurrent exchange increases efficiency by moving loading blood with o2 as it moves through the gill capillary. (see figure 42.21) |
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Term
| Which components make up the anatomy of the mammalian respiratory system? |
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Definition
Lungs. Larynx (upper part of respiratory tract) moves upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis. This allows food to go down the esophagus to the stomach.
Exhaled air ruses by a pair of vocal cords in the larynx.
Trachea - from the larynx, air passes into the trachea, or windpipe.
Bronchi - the trachea splits into two bronchi
Bronchioles - in the lungs, the bronchus branches repeatedly into finer tubes called bronchioles |
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Term
| How is breathing controlled? |
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Definition
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Term
How do the principles of partial pressures of gases contribute to gas exchange in animals? |
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Definition
| Partial pressure O2 has to be greater in the atmosphere than in the animal in order to diffuse into the animals blood stream. Once in the blood stream the organs it is transfered to must have a lower pressure. Than when CO2 is transfered back the same rules apply. |
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Term
| How does the cooperative binding of O2 to hemoglobin relate to the partial pressure of O2 in different locations? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood? |
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Definition
| O2 is transported by hemoglobin. CO2 can also be transported by hemoglobin but is mostly transported in the form of HCO3-. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Bohr affect is that when pH is lowered, Hemoglobins affinity for O2 is lowered. |
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Term
| What is the difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Fetal hemoglobin needs to have a greater O2 affinity to out compete the mother for O2 |
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Term
Which type of cancer is the most lethal? |
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Definition
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Term
What types of physiological changes occur to the circulatory and respiratory systems during pregnancy? |
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Definition
CIRCULATION
1) Uterine lining
2) Blood vessels in mother’s body
3) Blood volume
1-20 weeks—plasma increasing
4-6 months—RBC increase, need iron
4) Blood pressure
4-7 months—decreases
5) Heart beat—increases 15 beats/min
RESPIRATION
1) Lung capacity
4th month—inhale 30-40% more air
2) Breathing—short of breath, brain lowers CO2 in mother’s blood
3) Rib cage
4th month—enlarged by 2-3 inches in circumference
4) Diaphragm
8th month—pushed up 1.5 inches
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen binding blood pigment which contains copper |
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