Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 1208 Lab
Lab Final
82
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Mechanical/Micropipette
Definition
  • used for small volume transfers
  • less than 1 mL. (First stop/Second stop)
Term
Volumetric Pipette
Definition
  • designed for a single volume which is indicated near the top 
Term
Mohr/Measuring pipette
Definition
  • graduated, but stop at base line before narrows
  • measure up to a certain number then up one more and get rid of excess
Term
Serological Pipette
Definition
  • graduated, but the appropriate amount is drawn up
  • 10-100 mL
Term
Pi-Pumps
Definition
  • used for filling pipettes
  • green is 10 mL
  • blue is 1 mL
Term
catalyst
Definition
  • increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed during the process
  • do this by lowering activation energy between reactants and products
Term
activation energy
Definition
  • energy it takes to make a reaction occur
  • catalyst lower this
Term
enzymes
Definition
  • are organic catalysts
  • they are highly specific
  • most are proteins and have complex 3D shapes
Term
conformations
Definition
  • the complex 3D shapes of enzymes
  • decides how the enzyme functions
Term
induced-fit model
Definition
  • the substrates bind to the active site and changes the conformation of the enzyme
  • then the product changes the shape and returns to the original conformation
Term
active site
Definition
  • where the substrates bind on the enzyme and the reaction takes place
Term
specificity
Definition
  • created by the conformation of the enzyme
  • decides what it can bind to
Term
-ase
Definition
  • suffix usually given to enzymes
  • usually named for reaction they catalyze
Term
catecholase/catechol oxidase
Definition
  • the enzyme oxidase 
  • the substrate catechol
  • the exact name because its being oxidized
Term

spectrophotometer

 

Definition
  • used to detect the amount of radiant energy absorbed by the molecules
Term
Beers Law
Definition
  • as concentration increases (^), the amount of light absorbed increases (^)
Term
  1. transmittance
  2. absorbance
Definition
  • modes on spectrophotometer
Term
standard curve
Definition
  • graph relating a measured quantity to concentration of the substance of interest
Term
reaction rate
Definition
  • the trendline of data (slope)
Term
scientific method
Definition
  • method to logically answer questions
  • starts with observations, then models or explanations, to hypothesis, to experiment, observations, interpretation
Term
null hypothesis
Definition
  • states experiment will show no difference between control and experimental
Term
alternative hypothesis
Definition
  • states that there will be a difference between the control and experimental
Term
Basic rule of science
Definition
  • nothing can be proved, only disproved
Term
  1. accuracy
  2. precision
Definition
  1. closeness of a measured or calculated value to its "true" value (hitting bulls eye)
  2. closeness of repeated measurements to one another (hitting same spot)
Term
mean
Definition
  • average
  • describes center of the population
Term
standard deviation
Definition
  • describes how far away from the center the points are spread
Term
factors affecting permeability
Definition
  • size
  • charge
  • hydrophobic/phillic
  • concentration
Term
biological membrane made of...
Definition
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • phospholipid= hydrophillic heads, hydrophobic tails
  • integral/peripheral proteins
  • selectively permeable
Term
which, phillic or phobic, can't cross membranes?
Definition
  • phillic
  • assisted by facilitated transport or active transport
Term
what, polar or nonpolar, can't cross the membrane?
Definition
  • polar
  • water can because it's really small
Term
osmosis
Definition
  • movement of water across a membrane because of different concentrations
  • they move down free energy gradient (high free energy to low free energy)
  • spontaneous (releases free energy)
Term
Free energy equation
Definition
  • ΔG = ΔH - T * ΔS
  • G = free energy
  • H = entHlapy (Heat energy)
  • T = temperature
  • S = entropy (disorder)
Term
change in free energy and entropy relationship
Definition
  • inversely proportional
  • as they increase (^) in disorder, they decrease (v) in free energy and vice versa
Term
osmosis cont.
Definition
  • net movement of water from low osmotic concentration to high osmotic concentration
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
  • has more solute
  • a cell rapidly shrivels or crenates because of the rush of water out of the cell
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
  • lower concentration
  • the cell lysis because water rushes in
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
  • same concetrations
  • cell stays the same
Term
turgor pressure
Definition
  • hydrostatic pressure exerted on cell walls as a result of water uptake from osmosis
Term
hemolysis
Definition
  • occurs when red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution
  • they rapidly swell and rupture
Term
how do molecules cross membranes?
Definition
  1. through the lipid bilayer
  2. through aqueous channels
  3. by carrier-mediated transport
Term
what factors determine the rate of diffusion?
Definition
  1. size
  2. polarity
  3. charge
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
  • done by plants
  • CO2 fixed to make organic molecules and O2
  • 2 stages: Calvin Cycle and Light reactions
Term
respiration
Definition
  • done by humans and animals etc.
  • takes in organic molecules and produces CO2/H2O
Term
pigments
Definition
  • absorb the light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis
  • in the thylakoid membrane
Term
light reactions
Definition
  • absorb light energy and convert it to mechanical energy (ATP/NADPH)
  • water is split and oxygen is released as a by-product
Term
calvin cycle
Definition
  • uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions and CO2 to produce carbs (sugars)
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
  • use light energy to make sugar by linking the two stages of photosynthesis
Term
  1. chlorophyll a
  2. chlorophyll b
  3. xanthophylls (nonpolar)
  4. carotenes (nonpolar)
Definition
  1. blue-green
  2. yellow-green
  3. yellow
  4. yellow-orange
Term
porphyrin ring
Definition
  • where a central core of magnesium is held in large molecules like chlorophyll a and b
  • attached to a long, hydrocarbon tail anchors to the membrane
Term
what is different between chlorophyll a and b other than pigment color?
Definition
  • chlorophyll b has a -CHO group in place of a's -CH3 group
Term
how do you observe individual pigments?
Definition
  • chromotography = separate complex mixtures
Term
chromotography
Definition
  • separates pigments
  • 2 phases, stationary and mobile.
Term
phaeophytins
Definition
  • a breakdown product of chlorophyll a and b
Term
wavelengths
Definition
  • measured in (nm)
  • visible light is 380 - 750 nm
Term
What color's are reflected and absorbed in a green object?
Definition
  • all colors except green are absorbed
  • green is reflected or transmitted
Term
fluorescence
Definition
  • white light is absorbed and nothing to absorb the energy so its released as red light
Term
absorbtion spectrum
Definition
  • the specific wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment 
  • kind of like a 'fingerprint'
Term
During Calvin cycle, what is used to produce sugar?
Definition
  • ATP and NADPH are used to reduce carbon from CO2 to produce sugar
Term
net amount of CO2
Definition
  • is a function of the rate of CO2 used by photosynthesis and the rate of CO2 produced by respiration
Term
in the dark...
Definition
  • light reactions stop
  • calvin cycle continues until ATP and NADPH are used up
Term
in low light..
Definition
  • pigments receive insufficient photons to produce enough ATP and NADPH, so photosynthesis rates fall
Term
light saturation
Definition
  • achieved at higher light intensities
  • max of light absorbed(?)
Term
mesophyll
Definition
  • middle of the leaf
  • has 2 layers: palisade layer and spongy layer
Term
stoma
Definition
  • CO2 from the atmosphere diffuses in the spongy layer in the stoma 
  • opening is in the lower epidermis
Term
the leaf experiment main idea
Definition
  • the "time to float" is inversely proportional to photosynthetic rate in the tissue
Term
net rate of photosynthesis
Definition
  • oxygen produced by photosynthesis minus oxygen consumed by aerobic respiration
Term
fermentation
Definition
  • metabolize organic nutrients and produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
  • glycolysis converts glucose to 2 pyruvates and generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Term
types of fermentation
Definition
  • lactic acid - creates lactate
  • alcohol - in yeasts, plants, etc. pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO2
Term
what can feed into glycolysis?
Definition
  • amino acids, glucose, other carbs
Term
would exposing yeast to light affect the rate of gas production?
Definition
  • yes, b/c it would increase the rate of fermentation with the input of energy
Term
DNA
Definition
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (- b/c PO4)
  • most common type of genetic material
  • sequence of bases can turn into a gene that can make a trait
Term
recombinant DNA technology
Definition
  • field of research that uses tools found in nature
Term
bacterial plasmids
Definition
  • small, circular DNA molecules that are not a part of the bacterial genome
  • contain between 1,000-100,000 nucleotides
Term
mutations
Definition
  • change in DNA sequence
Term
gene-cloning
Definition
  • process where new genes can be added to or replace the genes on a plasmid
Term
restriciton endonucleases
Definition
  • or restriction enzymes
  • cut double stranded dna molecules
  • has substrate specificity
Term
palindrome
Definition
  • sequence at the DNA cut sites
  • reads the same in both directions
  • so cuts when DNA sequences are the same
Term
sticky ends
Definition
  • unpaired regions of DNA fragments
Term
gel electrophoresis
Definition
  • the separation of charged molecules using an electric field
  • molecules attracted to opposite charge
  • larger DNA, shorter it goes
  • smaller DNA, further it goes
Term
transformation
Definition
  • process where external DNA is transferred to or taken up by an organism
Term
genotype
Definition
  • the parts of DNA you can't see
Term
phenotype
Definition
  • the parts of DNA you see physically (hair color, freckles..)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!