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all the components that contribute to life on earth
- living things
- non-living things (clouds etc.)
- man-made structures
- social relationships |
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| Perpetually renewable resources |
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| resources that are almost inexhaustible, and include sunlight, wind adn wave energy |
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| resources that cna be renewed oer short periods, but can also be destroyed: timber, water, soil |
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| resources unavailable after depletion - coal, oil, minerals |
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| impact of a human on the environment (unevenly distributed between nations) |
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| the Earth's capacity to support us - since the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution human populations have depeleted natural resources - we are usuing renewable resources 30% faster than they can be replenished |
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| interdisciplinary field that studies the complex interactions between the evironment and human activity; goal is to solve environmental problems that affect all life on Earth |
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Observe
Question
Hypotheses
Falsifiable Predictions
Test
Reject or support |
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| a hypothesis that is well-tested and widely accepted |
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| A theory that changes the dominant viewpoint |
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| smallest particle of an element |
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| has unique properties and is made of one kind of atom |
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| contains positive protons and neutral neutrons |
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| negatively charged particles that orbit the neucleus |
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| number of protons of an atom |
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| atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
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| Atoms that gain or los electrons and become electrically charged |
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| strong bond between atoms (ex. hydrogen and oxygen atoms make water) |
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| molecule with one pole negative and one pole positive; example - a partially positive pole at the hydrogen end and a partially negative pole at the oxygen end |
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| weaker bonds between slightly negative oxygen atoms and slightly positive hydrogen atoms |
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| water molecules stick to each other |
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| energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds in water |
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| when water cools it forms a regular crystal structure that is less dense |
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| more than one atom of different kinds |
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| more than one of the same kind of atoms |
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| higher amounts of hydrogen ions |
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| lower amounts of hydrogen ions |
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| contains hydrogen and carbon; nonpolar; hydrophobic |
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| longer, simple hydrocarbon chains |
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| macromolecules/organic polymers |
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| a type of lipid, which is a type of hydrocarbons; carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) |
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| energy cannot be created or destroyed; energy changes from more ordered to less ordered; irreversible |
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| disorder - always increases and escapes as heat |
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| wide spectrum of waves; energy released from sun |
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| plants etc. that capture solar energy (visible light) and produce their own food |
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| plants converts CO2 and H2O into sugars; releases oxygen and H2O |
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| consumers that digest the sugars made by autotrophs |
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| humans and plants do this; use oxygen and release CO2 and H2O |
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| Core (iron center); Mantle (rocky layer); Crust (surface) |
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| the mantle and crust; tectonic plates |
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| divergent (tectonic plates separate); transform (tectonic plates rub); convergent (tectonic plates hit each other and create mountains etc.) |
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| igneous (magma cools); sedimentary (rock is eroded in layers); metamorphic (rock changes form under heat or pressure) |
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| an organism's habitat needs and its role in the circle of life |
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| study of organisms and interactions with the environment |
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| a group of the same species |
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| total ecosystems on earth |
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| phylogenetic tree- shared ancestry (jaws etc.) |
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| maximum population size of a species a habitat can contain |
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| when multiple organisms seek the same limited resources |
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| same species competing for a resource |
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| interspecific competition |
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| two or more species competeing for resources |
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| one species excludes another species from a resources |
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| stable point of coexistence |
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| individual who plays only part of its role because of competition |
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| the full niche of an organism |
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| organism's rank in the feeding heirarchy in a community |
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| eat autotrophs (vegetarians etc.) |
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| eat primary consumers and autotrophs |
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| eat secondary and primary consumers and autotrophs |
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| How much energy is lost at each trophic level? |
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| help maintain species diversity; sea otter etc. |
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| prey defense in which organism camoflages |
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| advertising danger (yellow jacket) |
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| mimicing predators (worm that looks like snake) |
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| one species benefits from another; harms but doesn't kill |
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| one species benefits from another; more harmful; insects on insects |
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| animals eating plants; defenses include toxicity, distasteful, thorns, spikes, and other animals protecting plant |
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| both species benefit (flowers and hummingbirds; bees and flowers) |
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| community changes after disturbance |
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| example: Illinois prarie ecosystem |
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| terrestrial ecosystem/terrestrial biome |
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| climate affects plant types and creates groups of similar plants |
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| temperate deciduous forest |
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| (east coast) shed leaves in the fall; high precipitation |
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| (midwest) praries; no trees, little precipitation |
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| (northern washington) high precipitation, cold winters, cedar/douglass trees |
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| (south america) high precipitation, warm temperatures, has the highest amount of species |
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| (Mexico) warm temperatures, swings in precipitation |
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| (Africa) moderate temperatures, swings in precipitation, grasslands |
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| (North America, Africa) little precipitation, temperatures vary daily and seasonally |
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| (Canada/Russia) long winters, few animals, douglas and spruce trees |
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| (Russia) high mountains, dry, cold temperatures, no trees, permanent freeze |
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| (Mediterranian, LA) dry, hot summers, moderate winters, some precipitation |
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| not too hot; not too cold |
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| food, pollination, water and air purification, breakdown of waste, nutrient cycling, recreation |
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| excess nutrients (nitrogen and sulfer etc.) in aquatic systems that can lower disolved oxygen levels |
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| (an example of eutrophication) phytoplankton grow exponentially |
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| total assimilation of energy by authotrophs in an ecosystem; conversion of solar energy into energy |
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| energy by autotrops in an ecosystem AFTER respiration generates biomass AKA how much is available for consumers; shallow water/rainforests are the most productive; determined by temperature and precipitation |
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| water falls to earth, goes into aquatic ecosystems by runoff, water evaporates or is transpired |
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| evaporation from leaves of plants |
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| photosynthesis converts CO2 into sugar, carbon returns to atmosphere as CO2, decomposition returns carbon to sediment and turns into fossil fuels |
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| nitrogen fixation by bacteria, converts N2 to the organic from of ammonia NH3 |
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| weather releases phosphorus from rocks/sediment that cycles through living communities |
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| elements that are in short supply (ex. nitrogen and phosphorus) |
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| projects population trends |
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| period of increased population growth as nations industrialize |
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| Which of the following is a fossil fuel? Coal, Timber, Sunlight, Water, Uranium |
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| Carbon has an atomic number of |
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| 6 - count the number of protons |
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| Chemosynthesis provides energy in this ecosystem: estuaries, intertidal regions, tropical rain forests, desert, hydrothermal vents |
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| The Aesthenosphere is found in the ________of the earth |
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| Which kind of macromolecule serves as the genetic material? Lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, or hydrocarbons |
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| The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is a measure of _____. |
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| Water is a good solvent for: hydrocarbons, nonpolar molecules, lipids, fats, or ions and polar molecules |
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| Many species interacting in the same area is called ______ |
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| a population's growth rate is determined by the following EXCEPT: birth rate, death rate, mutation rate, immigration, or emmigration |
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| Limiting factors that determine the carrying capacity of a habitat include all of the following EXCEPT: water, space, predators, immigration, or disease |
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| populations evolve over time by a process called _________ |
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| snakes and frogs exhibit which kind of relationship? |
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| The Canadian lynx is a predator of |
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Definition
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| GPP measures ________ in ecosystems |
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Definition
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| Nitrogen is an essential element found in _________ |
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Definition
| proteins and nucleic acids |
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| Phosphorus is a component of ________ |
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Definition
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| Energy flowing through an ecosystem eventually leaves as ________ |
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Definition
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| Opaque water visible in lakes is algal bloom caused by _________ |
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| Global human population is about ________ billion |
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