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Biology 1110
Test One Notes
118
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/19/2012

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Term
The Environment
Definition

all the components that contribute to life on earth

 - living things

- non-living things (clouds etc.)

- man-made structures

- social relationships

Term
Perpetually renewable resources
Definition
resources that are almost inexhaustible, and include sunlight, wind adn wave energy
Term
Replenishable Resources
Definition
resources that cna be renewed oer short periods, but can also be destroyed: timber, water, soil
Term
Nonrenewable Resources
Definition
resources unavailable after depletion - coal, oil, minerals
Term
Ecological footprint
Definition
impact of a human on the environment (unevenly distributed between nations)
Term
Biocapacity
Definition
the Earth's capacity to support us - since the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution human populations have depeleted natural resources - we are usuing renewable resources 30% faster than they can be replenished
Term
Environmental Science
Definition
interdisciplinary field that studies the complex interactions between the evironment and human activity; goal is to solve environmental problems that affect all life on Earth
Term
Scientific Process
Definition
Observe
Question
Hypotheses
Falsifiable Predictions
Test
Reject or support
Term
Theory
Definition
a hypothesis that is well-tested and widely accepted
Term
Paradigm Shift
Definition
A theory that changes the dominant viewpoint
Term
Atom
Definition
smallest particle of an element
Term
Element
Definition
has unique properties and is made of one kind of atom
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains positive protons and neutral neutrons
Term
Electrons
Definition
negatively charged particles that orbit the neucleus
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
number of protons of an atom
Term
Isoptope
Definition
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Term
Ion
Definition
Atoms that gain or los electrons and become electrically charged
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
strong bond between atoms (ex. hydrogen and oxygen atoms make water)
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
molecule with one pole negative and one pole positive; example - a partially positive pole at the hydrogen end and a partially negative pole at the oxygen end
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
weaker bonds between slightly negative oxygen atoms and slightly positive hydrogen atoms
Term
Cohesion
Definition
water molecules stick to each other
Term
Heat Storage
Definition
energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds in water
Term
Ice Formation
Definition
when water cools it forms a regular crystal structure that is less dense
Term
Compound
Definition
more than one atom of different kinds
Term
molecule
Definition
more than one of the same kind of atoms
Term
PH
Definition
measures acidity
Term
acid
Definition
higher amounts of hydrogen ions
Term
base
Definition
lower amounts of hydrogen ions
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
contains hydrogen and carbon; nonpolar; hydrophobic
Term
polymer
Definition
longer, simple hydrocarbon chains
Term
macromolecules/organic polymers
Definition
a type of lipid, which is a type of hydrocarbons; carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
Term
thermodynamics
Definition
energy cannot be created or destroyed; energy changes from more ordered to less ordered; irreversible
Term
entropy
Definition
disorder - always increases and escapes as heat
Term
electromagnetic radation
Definition
wide spectrum of waves; energy released from sun
Term
autotrophs
Definition
plants etc. that capture solar energy (visible light) and produce their own food
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
plants converts CO2 and H2O into sugars; releases oxygen and H2O
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
consumers that digest the sugars made by autotrophs
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
humans and plants do this; use oxygen and release CO2 and H2O
Term
Earth's layers
Definition
Core (iron center); Mantle (rocky layer); Crust (surface)
Term
Lithosphere
Definition
the mantle and crust; tectonic plates
Term
boundaries
Definition
divergent (tectonic plates separate); transform (tectonic plates rub); convergent (tectonic plates hit each other and create mountains etc.)
Term
rock cycle
Definition
igneous (magma cools); sedimentary (rock is eroded in layers); metamorphic (rock changes form under heat or pressure)
Term
niche
Definition
an organism's habitat needs and its role in the circle of life
Term
ecology
Definition
study of organisms and interactions with the environment
Term
organism
Definition
individual being
Term
population
Definition
a group of the same species
Term
community
Definition
many different species
Term
biosphere
Definition
total ecosystems on earth
Term
cladogram
Definition
phylogenetic tree- shared ancestry (jaws etc.)
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
maximum population size of a species a habitat can contain
Term
competition
Definition
when multiple organisms seek the same limited resources
Term
intraspecies competition
Definition
same species competing for a resource
Term
interspecific competition
Definition
two or more species competeing for resources
Term
competative exclusion
Definition
one species excludes another species from a resources
Term
species coexistence
Definition
stable point of coexistence
Term
realized niche
Definition
individual who plays only part of its role because of competition
Term
fundamental niche
Definition
the full niche of an organism
Term
trophic level
Definition
organism's rank in the feeding heirarchy in a community
Term
primary consumers
Definition
eat autotrophs (vegetarians etc.)
Term
secondary consumers
Definition
eat primary consumers and autotrophs
Term
tertiary consumers
Definition
eat secondary and primary consumers and autotrophs
Term
How much energy is lost at each trophic level?
Definition
10%
Term
Predators
Definition
killers
Term
keystone
Definition
help maintain species diversity; sea otter etc.
Term
cryptic coloration
Definition
prey defense in which organism camoflages
Term
warning coloration
Definition
advertising danger (yellow jacket)
Term
mimicry
Definition
mimicing predators (worm that looks like snake)
Term
parasitism
Definition
one species benefits from another; harms but doesn't kill
Term
parasitoidism
Definition
one species benefits from another; more harmful; insects on insects
Term
herbivory
Definition
animals eating plants; defenses include toxicity, distasteful, thorns, spikes, and other animals protecting plant
Term
mutualism
Definition
both species benefit (flowers and hummingbirds; bees and flowers)
Term
ecological succession
Definition
community changes after disturbance
Term
ecological restoration
Definition
example: Illinois prarie ecosystem
Term
terrestrial ecosystem/terrestrial biome
Definition
climate affects plant types and creates groups of similar plants
Term
temperate deciduous forest
Definition
(east coast) shed leaves in the fall; high precipitation
Term
temperate grasslands
Definition
(midwest) praries; no trees, little precipitation
Term
temperate rainforests
Definition
(northern washington) high precipitation, cold winters, cedar/douglass trees
Term
tropical rainforests
Definition
(south america) high precipitation, warm temperatures, has the highest amount of species
Term
tropical dry forests
Definition
(Mexico) warm temperatures, swings in precipitation
Term
savanna
Definition
(Africa) moderate temperatures, swings in precipitation, grasslands
Term
desert
Definition
(North America, Africa) little precipitation, temperatures vary daily and seasonally
Term
taiga/boreal forests
Definition
(Canada/Russia) long winters, few animals, douglas and spruce trees
Term
tundra
Definition
(Russia) high mountains, dry, cold temperatures, no trees, permanent freeze
Term
chaparral
Definition
(Mediterranian, LA) dry, hot summers, moderate winters, some precipitation
Term
temperate
Definition
not too hot; not too cold
Term
ecosystem services
Definition
food, pollination, water and air purification, breakdown of waste, nutrient cycling, recreation
Term
eutrophication
Definition
excess nutrients (nitrogen and sulfer etc.) in aquatic systems that can lower disolved oxygen levels
Term
blooming
Definition
(an example of eutrophication) phytoplankton grow exponentially
Term
Gross Primary Production
Definition
total assimilation of energy by authotrophs in an ecosystem; conversion of solar energy into energy
Term
net primary production
Definition
energy by autotrops in an ecosystem AFTER respiration generates biomass AKA how much is available for consumers; shallow water/rainforests are the most productive; determined by temperature and precipitation
Term
Hydrologic Cycle
Definition
water falls to earth, goes into aquatic ecosystems by runoff, water evaporates or is transpired
Term
transpiration
Definition
evaporation from leaves of plants
Term
carbon cycle
Definition
photosynthesis converts CO2 into sugar, carbon returns to atmosphere as CO2, decomposition returns carbon to sediment and turns into fossil fuels
Term
nitrogen cycle
Definition
nitrogen fixation by bacteria, converts N2 to the organic from of ammonia NH3
Term
phosphorus cycle
Definition
weather releases phosphorus from rocks/sediment that cycles through living communities
Term
limiting factor
Definition
elements that are in short supply (ex. nitrogen and phosphorus)
Term
age pyramid
Definition
projects population trends
Term
demographic transition
Definition
period of increased population growth as nations industrialize
Term
Which of the following is a fossil fuel? Coal, Timber, Sunlight, Water, Uranium
Definition
Coal
Term
Carbon has an atomic number of
Definition
6 - count the number of protons
Term
Chemosynthesis provides energy in this ecosystem: estuaries, intertidal regions, tropical rain forests, desert, hydrothermal vents
Definition
hydrothermal vents
Term
The Aesthenosphere is found in the ________of the earth
Definition
Mantle
Term
Which kind of macromolecule serves as the genetic material? Lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, or hydrocarbons
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is a measure of _____.
Definition
PH
Term
pangaea
Definition
supercontinent
Term
Water is a good solvent for: hydrocarbons, nonpolar molecules, lipids, fats, or ions and polar molecules
Definition
ions and polar molecules
Term
Many species interacting in the same area is called ______
Definition
community
Term
a population's growth rate is determined by the following EXCEPT: birth rate, death rate, mutation rate, immigration, or emmigration
Definition
mutation rate
Term
Limiting factors that determine the carrying capacity of a habitat include all of the following EXCEPT: water, space, predators, immigration, or disease
Definition
immigration
Term
populations evolve over time by a process called _________
Definition
natural selection
Term
snakes and frogs exhibit which kind of relationship?
Definition
predator - prey
Term
The Canadian lynx is a predator of
Definition
snowshoe hare
Term
GPP measures ________ in ecosystems
Definition
sugar
Term
Nitrogen is an essential element found in _________
Definition
proteins and nucleic acids
Term
Phosphorus is a component of ________
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
Energy flowing through an ecosystem eventually leaves as ________
Definition
heat
Term
Opaque water visible in lakes is algal bloom caused by _________
Definition
eutrophication
Term
Global human population is about ________ billion
Definition
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