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Biology 111 Exam 4
Nematoda, Roundworms, Annelida, Segmented worms, Arthropoda, Mollusks, Echinoderms, Chordates, Vertebrates
218
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2009

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Term
Define Pseudocoelomate
Definition
Pseudocoelomate is an Invertebrate that has a Pseudocoel.
Term
Define Pseudocoel
Definition
a. the body cavity of certain invertebrate metazoan animals between the body wall and the intestine, which is not lined with a mesodermal epithelium.
b. An internal body cavity of some primitive invertebrates, similar to a coelom but lacking a mesodermal lining.
c. a body cavity (as in various worms) that is not the product of gastrulation and is not lined with a well-defined mesodermal membrane
Term
Of the phylums studied in Bio 111, what was the only pseudocoelomate animal studied?
Definition
Phylum Nematodes were the only pseudocoelomate animals studied in Bio 111.
Term
Define Niche
Definition
a.The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community.

b.The particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism.
Term
The statement: "Nematodes are UBIQUITOUS in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments." means what?
Definition
It means the nematodes are existing everywhere at the same time in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial enviornments.
Term
What are Nematodes
Definition
Any of several slender, unsegmented, cylindrical worms often narrowing at each end, of the group Nematoda, which some scientists consider to be a class of the aschelminths and others to be a separate phylum. Most nematodes are tiny and live in enormous numbers in water, soil, plants, and animals. They have a simple structure, with a long hollow gut separated from the body wall by a fluid-filled space. Several nematodes, such as pinworm, roundworm, filaria, and hookworm, are parasites on animals and humans and cause disease.
Term
Define Nematos
Definition
Nematos = Thread
Term
True or False: Nematodes are segmented worms.
Definition
False
Term
To be tapered is to become what?....
Definition
is to become smaller or thinner toward one end.
Term
What are some general characteristics of phylum Nematoda?
Definition
1. Slender
2. Thread-like
3. Non-Segmented
4. body tapered at both ends (smaller at each end)
5. Circular in cross-section
6. white or transparent
7. smooth in apperance
Term
How many species of Nematodes are there?
Definition
80,000 Species.
Term
Define Protostome
Definition
group of animals-including the arthropods (e.g., insects, crabs), mollusks (clams, snails), and annelid worms-classified together on the basis of embryological development. The mouth of the Protostomia (proto, "first"; stoma, "mouth") develops from the first opening into the embryonic gut (blastopore). The coelom (body cavity) forms from a split in the embryonic mesoderm (middle tissue). Larval (immature) forms, if present, are called trochophores. The Protostomia constitute one of two divisions of the coelomates (animals with a body cavity, or coelom).
Term
Define Deuterostome
Definition
Any of a major group of animals defined by its embryonic development, in which the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus. At this stage in their development, the later specialized function of any given embryonic cell has not yet been determined. Deuterostomes are one of the two groups of animals that have true body cavities (coeloms), and are believed to share a common ancestor. They include the echinoderms, chaetognaths, hemichordates, and chordates.
Term
What type of "skeleton" is typical of roundworms & segmented worms?
Definition
roundworms rely on the pressure of bodily fluids called HYDROSTATIC SKELETON to maintain their shape thay also have cuticle on the outside of their bodies, which is thick, resistantlayer of protienthat protects the worm and keeps it in one shape. Segmented worms also rely on the pressure of bodily fluids to retain thier shape, as well as the muscle lining the inside of the body wall.
Term
The species Ascaris belongs to what phylum?
Definition
Ascaris belongs to phylum nematoda
Term
Ascarius affect what animals?
Definition
Humans and pigs
Term
What percent of southern americans are affected by Ascaris?
Definition
up to 10% of southern Americans are affected by Ascaris.
Term
Are male Ascaris larger than female Ascaris?
Definition
No males are much smaller than female Ascaris. Males are also found in much lower amounts compared to the females.
Term
In the species Ascaris, which end is the 3 lips of the mouth located?
Definition
The three lips of the mouth are located at the very tip of the anterior end.
Term
Where is the slit like anus located in Ascaris?
Definition
The slit like anus is located on the ventral surface a few millimeters away from the posterior end.
Term
Define Viscera
Definition
Internal Organs
Term
In Ascaris there are organs which are thread-like tubes what system do they belong to?
Definition
The thread like tube organs belong to the Reproductive system
Term
Define Metamerism:
Definition
Segmented
Term
What do parasites usually not have?
Definition

-Nervous System

-Sensry Organs

-Locomotion

-Complex Digestive Structure

Term
The exoskeleton on are arthropod has how many "layers" is it?
Definition
2 cuticles and appendages.
Term
in the arthropods the appendages are?
Definition
tube-like with flexible joints-muscles.
Term
The "outer layer" on an arthropod is called? and made up of?
Definition

Called: epicuticle

made up of lipoprotein 

Term

The "inner layer" in an arthropod is called?

and made up of? 

Definition

called a procuticle

and its inner is hard and made up sclerotized layer of chitin. 

Term
The tripoblastic protostomes with spiral/mosaic cleavage, eucoelom and the complete gut are all characteristics of the following phylum(s)?
Definition
Annelids and mollusks, arthropods
Term
What must a parasite have?
Definition

-Attachment organ

-Collagen to prevent digestion(cuticle)

-Great reproduction

Term
What gains do parasites get when in an animal's intestine?
Definition

-Food

-Water

-Shelter

-Stabel Environment

-Warmth

Term
What negative effects does a parasite suffer when in an intestine?
Definition

-Acidity

-Competition(500+ species of bacterias)

-Constant movement

-Enzymes

Term
It or They exhibit metamerism, ventral solid nerve cord and segmental ganglia are in which phylum(s)?
Definition
annelids and arthropods
Term
Animal parasites
Definition
Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes, and roundwarms
Term

True or False:

Parasites have motile cilia.

Definition
False
Term
How do muscles run in a Phylum Nematoda?
Definition
Longitudinaly.
Term
Which phylum(s) have NO cilia?
Definition
nematodes and arthropods
Term
How do muscles work?
Definition
They contract?
Term
What do earthworms eat?
Definition
They eat soil NOT dirt!
Term
What is urea?
Definition
This is a much less toxic way of disposing of ammonia. This is much better tolerated than ammonia.
Term
Are athropods terrestrial?
Definition
YES. They are truly terrestrial.
Term

True or False

Arthropod are the only invertebrates capable of flight.

Definition
TRUE
Term

True or false:

1 of 2 animals are arthropods.

Definition

False.

3 of 4 are arthropods.

Term
What size are arthropods?
Definition
A very wide range of sizes.
Term
What does arthrop mean in Latin?
Definition
Joint foot.
Term
Does the cuticle grow? Why?
Definition
No. The cuticle is mostly made up of collagen.
Term
What are the advantages of an exoskeleton?
Definition

- Protection (mechanical) (armor)

-Support (internal organs)

-Provides ridgid attachemnt points for muscles

-Impermeable (important for water loss)

Term
What is a disadvantage of an exoskeleton?
Definition
It does not grow. It it dead! Therefore the animal must molt and be very vulnerable for a period of time.
Term
What is the circulation of arthropods?
Definition
Oopen circulation. Blood is not in vessels. No capillaries.
Term
What respitory pigments do arthropods have?
Definition

Crustaceans: Her hemocyamin(blue) or hemoglobin(red)

Most have none, which is a conundrum.

Term
What sort of respiration do arthropods have?
Definition

-Gills

-Booklungs

-Trachea-internal tubes that begin on the body surface as spiracles, extend to all parts of the body, and end blindly.

Term
What is a lung?
Definition
An invagination.
Term
What is an antennal gland?
Definition

-Also called a green gland.

-Not an actual gland, but a tube

-Urine exits the mouth

-No urea, but uric acid instead. This is less toxic than ammonia. It is almost insoluble, a semi-solid.

-excretory organ in the cephalon of adult crustaceans

Term
cephalon
Definition
head
Term
Omitidium
Definition
One unit of a composed eye that is made up of many of these
Term
Are all spiders poisonous?
Definition
YES. But only to the animals that they typically eat.
Term
How do flatworms get rid of ammonia?
Definition
Simple diffusion.
Term
Ganglia
Definition
Collection of nerve cell bodies
Term

Do planarians know up from down?

How?

Definition
Yes, due to statocysts.
Term
What do flatworms do for circulation and respiration?
Definition
Simple diffusion.
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentratiion, to areas of low concentration.
Term
In the phylum nematoda, How do the muscles and nerve endings connect?
Definition
The Muscles reach out to the nerve. However with other animals (us), the nerves reach out to the muscle.
Term
Ascaris have longitudinal lines (Faint Lines) running the length of the ventral and dorsal surfaces what are they?
Definition
They are dorsal and ventral NERVE CORDS
Term
In Ascaris, The nerve cords are placed just beneth what?
Definition
Just beneth the body wall.
Term
In Ascaris, The two OBVIOUS lateral lines indicate the location of ________?
Definition
The location of EXCRETORY CANALS.
Term
The Excretory Canal leads to the __________? Which is located near the _______?
Definition
Excretory pore
Mouth
Term
What organs are thread like tubes found in Ascaris?
Definition
Ovaries (Reproductive System)
Term
In Ascaris, The mouth leads to the __________?
Definition
Muscular Pharynx
Term
What is the ribbon-like structure in Ascaris?
Definition
Intestines
Term
The pharynx leads to the _______________ in Ascaris.
Definition
Ribbon like intestine.
Term
What is the thin walled structure in Ascaris?
Definition
The Anus
Term
The intestine is without ____________ tissue and is only one cell layer thick.
Definition
Muscle
Term
Why are Ascaris intestines flat and not round as you might have imagined?
Definition
The intestine is flat so it can diffuse as much as possible and increase surface area. it doesn't need to digest because it is already digested. So it doesnt need to be muscular. it is not round because being flat increases the surface area. in order to absorb more food and excrete more enzymes.
Term
Where are the fuzz-like masses of tissue in Ascaris found?
Definition
they are found near the dorsal and ventral surfaces
Term
The fuzz-like masses of tissue are _________ extensions of the longitudinal muscle cells whose fibers like the body wall.
Definition
Protoplasmic extensions
Term
Do Ascaris have circular muscles yes or no?
Definition
No
Term
The dorsal and ventral nerve cords extend the entire length of the Ascaris True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Internal structure of nematods.
Definition

Body wall(cuticle, muscles, excretory canals, nerve cords)

Bod cavity(pseudocoelum)

Digestive system(complete and very simple)

Reproductive system

Term
What is the general descriptionof Phylum Nematoda?
Definition
slender, thread-like (G. nematos = thread), non-segmented worms; body tapered at both ends and circular in cross-section (note common name); white or transparent and “smooth” in appearance
Term
What is the common name of Phylum Nematoda?
Definition
Roundworms
Term
What are the main habitats of Phylum Nematoda?
Definition
Marine, freshwater and moist terrestrial, many parasites(animal and plant)
Term

Phylum Nematoda

Coelom and gut type?

Definition
Pseudocoelomate. Complete gut, bothmouth and anus present.
Term

Special featureof nematods.

Definition

No motile cilia.

Term
Locomotion of nematods.
Definition

-Cuticle(a thick resistant layer of protiens secreted bby epidermis)

-Longitudinal muscles(without circular muscles)

-Pseudocoelom(fluid filled cavaity)

-Hydrastatic skeleton-a product of the preceding 3 structures.

Term
The muscle tissue provides the pathway for what _________ Impulse?
Definition
Neuromuscular Impulse
Term
What two things pass through the excretory canals from the pseudocoelomic fluid and exit the excretory pore?
Definition
1)Excess Water
2) Nitrogenous Wastes
Term
What is the main functin of excretion of nematods?
Definition
Water balance! NOT matabolic waste,again, this is doen through diffusion.
Term
What special structures do nematods have for respiration and circulation?
Definition
NONE
Term
What is the name and scientific name of the most common human parasitic worm?
Definition

intestinal worm

Ascaris

Most common infects 1.5 billion

Term
Most common worm infection in the US
Definition

Pinworm

Enterobius

Term
Scientific name of hookworms that infect 900 million
Definition

Ancylostoma

Necator

Term

Phylum Annelid

General Description

Definition

anellus (L. “little ring”); worms consisting of serially repeated parts (= metamerism); external structures (e.g., setae) & internal structures (e.g.,  nerve cords, ganglia, muscles, blood vessels, excretory structures) repeated in almost every segment; segments separated internally by partitions called septa (singular = septum)

Term

Phylum Annelid

Habitat

Definition
Marine, freash water, and moist terrestrial
Term

Phylum Annelid

Size

Definition
nearly microscopic to 12 foot long earthworms
Term

Annelids

Developmental characteristics.

Definition
Triploblastic protostomes with spiral/mosaic cleavage and a eucelom(schizocoelous)
Term

Annelids

Taxonomy

Definition

-earthworms and freshwater worms

-marine worms: active(crawling/burrowing) and inactive(sedentary tube dwellers)

-leeches/bloodsuckers

Term

Annelids

Form and Function

Definition

detritus-feeders: swallow detritus (= accumulation of fine particulate organic and inorganic debris)

complete gut: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine (with typhlosole), anus

Term
What are setea?
Definition

Common in annelids.

Whisker-like projections used to anchor animals.

Term
What are the cuticles of annelids like?
Definition
Thin and moist, offering little resistance to movement of body.
Term
What is a eucoelem?
Definition
Fluid-filled body cavity.
Term
What is the product of the circular and longitudinal muscles that function to lengthen and shorten the animal and the eucoelom that is a fluid filled body cavity?
Definition
The hydrastatic skeleton of annelids.
Term
What do (meta) nephridia consist of?
Definition
Nephrostome, nephric tubula, nephridiopore.
Term
What are nephridia?
Definition
invertebrate organs which function similar to kidneys. They remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body
Term
What is an invertebrate?
Definition
An animal without a skeletal structure.
Term
What are gills?
Definition
Evaginationsof body surface associated with gas(02 and CO2) exchange occuring in sedentary marine worms that live in tubes.
Term
What special features do annelids have for respiration?
Definition
None. They use general body surface.
Term
What is a key of closed circulatory systems?
Definition
Blood is in vessels most of the time.
Term
Do annelids have hearts?
Definition
No. Their entire circulatory system is contractile.
Term
A few notes on annelid circulation.....
Definition
ventral vessel carries blood posteriorly and dorsal vessel carries blood anteriorly (valves prevent backflow); capillaries connect ventral & dorsal vessels; aortic arches (not hearts) connect the major vessels anteriorly
Term
What color is hemoglobin when exposed to oxygen?
Definition
Red.
Term

What is chlorocruorin?

Definition

A substance that increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Green when oxygenated?

Term
What habitat do arthropods have?
Definition

Marine, fresh water, and terrestrial.

They are the ONLY invertebrates that inhabit land on a large scale and ONLY invertebrates able to fly.

Term

Arthropods

Size

Definition
Varies from microscopic mites and crustaceans to the 12 foot long Japanese Spider Crab
Term
What is the epicuticle?
Definition
outer waxy(lipoprotein) layer
Term
What is the procuticle?
Definition
The inner hard(sclerotized) layer of chitin(nitrogen containing polysacchride)
Term

What are millipeds? ie Typical features

Definition

Round in cross section. 2 pairs legs/body segment. Slow. Herbivores.

Term
Centipede features.
Definition
Dorso-ventrally flattened in cross section. 1 pair of legs/body segment. fast. carnivores.
Term
Mulluscan Habitats
Definition

marine, fresh water, terrestrial

 

Term

Mollusks:

size

 

Definition
snails that measure 1 millimeter high to clams that are 4 to 5 feet across to squids that are greater than 60 feet long.
Term
What general characteristics dot he the hypothetical ancestral mollusk have?
Definition

-Head-foot-includes the more active portion of body associated with feeding, sensory, and locomotion

-visceral mass- includes internal organs associated with digestion, circulations, respiration, excretion, and reproduction.

-typical structures: foot, visceral mass, mantle, gills, and radula

Term
What are two characteristics of mollusks that are unique to them? Describe.
Definition

Mantle- fold of the body wall that usually secretes a shell and encloses a space called the mantle cavaity which typically contains the gills

radula- toothed, tongue-like structure typically used for feeding.

Term

Mollusks:

Gastropods

Definition
Snails, slugs, nudibranchs
Term

Mollusks:

Bivalves

Definition
Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
Term

Mollusks:

Cephalopods

Definition
Octupuses, squids, nautiluses, cuttlefishes
Term

Mollusks:

Circulation

Definition

Most with open circulatory system similar to arthropods

 

Respiratory pigments: hemoglobin and hemocyanin

Term

Mollusks:

Respiration

Definition

Aquatic: Use gills in mantle cavity

Terrestrial: Mantle cavity used as lung

Term

Mollusks:

h2o balance and excretion

Definition

(meta)nephridia similar to annelids

 

Nitrogenous waste products:aquatic species excrete ammonia; terrestrial species excretes uric acid

Term

Five Definitive Chordate Characteristics

Notochord

 

Definition
a longitudinal, flexible rod composed of a gelatinous material which is located dorsal to the guit and ventral to the nerve cord. Prvides support and aids in locomotion.
Term

 

Five Characteristics of Chordates

Nerve chord

Definition
Dorsal to the notochord and hollow
Term

Five Characteristics of Chordates

 

Pharyngeal Slits

Definition
Pharynx posses openings which allow water that entered through the mouth to exit the pharynx.
Term

Five Characteristics of Chordates

 

Endostyle

Definition
In the floor of the pharynx. Secretes mucus that traps food particles int eh pharynx.
Term

Five Characteristics of Chordates

 

Post-anal tail

Definition
Just is. :)
Term

Chrordate Characteristics

Two additional Characteristics

Definition

1. Closed circulatory system

2. Complete gut

Term

Chordates

Living Endoskeleton

Definition

Grows with the animal, permits almost unlimited body size

 

Provides support, protection, and rigid attachemtn points for muscles.

Term
In Echinoderms, tube feet provide surface area for respiration. True or False
Definition
True
Term
The gastrovascular cavity is a unique feature of echinoderms True or False
Definition
False
Term
most insects exhibit which type of metamorphisis?
a) Gradual b) Complex
c)Incomplete d) Complete
Definition
d) Complete metamorphisis
Term
Mollusks can be found in marine fresh water and terrestrial habitats. True or False
Definition
True
Term
There is no single structure that is both unique to mollusks and common among all of them. True or False
Definition
True
Term
What is the largest phylum of Animals on the planet in terms of species?
Definition
Arthropoda
Term
Which of the following is not characteristic of members of the phylum Arthropoda?
a)They are triploblastic
b)They exhibit metamerism
c)They have a closed circulatory system
d)They exhibit spiral cleavage
Definition
c)They have a closed circulatory system is FALSE arthropoda has an open circulatory system
Term
Arthropods are triploblastic True or False
Definition
True
Term
Define Deuterostome
Definition
1)Embryology. a mouth that develops separately from the blastopore.
2. Taxonomy. any member of the phyla (Chordata, Hemichordata, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha) in which the anus appears first, developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial and indeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut.
Term
Which of the following is the most common worm parasite in the United states?
a) Hookworm
b)Roundworm
c)Whipworm
d)Pinworm
Definition
d)Pinworms
Term
In the phylum Arthropoda, the anus appears first, developing at or near the blastopore, cleavage is radial and indeterminate, and the mesoderm and coelom form from outgrowths of the primitive gut. True or False
Definition
This is false.
If the anus was to develop first, this would mean arthropods are deuterostomes. They are not.
Term
which of the following phyla we studied are deuterostomes?
a) Chordata, Echinodermata
b) Arthropoda, Mollusca
c) Nematoda, Annelida
d) Molluska, Echinodermata
Definition
a) Chordata, Echinodermata
Term
Which of the following structures is not a part of an earthworm's digestive system?
a)crop
b)parapodia
c)gizzard
d)typhlosole
e)intestinal lumen
Definition
b)parapodia is not a structure in the earthworm's digestive system
Term
Typhlosole belongs to what phyla? What is it? Why do they have the typhosole?
Definition
Typhlosole is a longitudinal fold (infolding) of the intestinal wall in certain invertebrates (annelids and many bivalve mollusks)
why do they have this infold? To increase the absorptive and digestive surface area of the intestine.
Term
Define Crop. What is another name for crop? Out of the phylums studied what phylum has this and what is it's function?
Definition
Also called craw.
a. a chamber or pouch in the foregut of arthropods and annelids for holding and partly crushing food.
Term
Define Gizzard what is it's function in earthworms?
Definition
1. Also called gastric mill. a similar structure in the foregut of arthropods, earthworms and several other invertebrates, often lined with chitin and small teeth.
3. the innards or viscera collectively, esp. the intestine and stomach.
Term
Define Parapodium
Definition
a.one of the unjointed rudimentary limbs or processes of locomotion of many worms, as annelids.
b.One of the fleshy paired appendages of polychete annelids that function in locomotion and breathing.
Term
What are Protoplasmic Extensions? Found in what phylum?
Definition
They are the fuzz like masses of tissue. In phylum nematoda
Term
In which part of the body can protoplasmic extensions be found?
Definition
Near the dorsal and ventral surfaces
Term
Protoplasmic extensions are the extensions of what?
Definition
The longitudinal muscle cells
Term
In ohylum nematoda, what is the function of longitudinal muscle cells?
Definition
Their fibers line the body wall.
Term
In Ascaris, what two things pass through the excretory canals from the pseudocoelomic fluid and exit the exretory pore?
Definition
1)Excess water
2)Nitrogenous wastes
Term
Do Ascaris have respirator and circulatory systems?
Definition
No
Term
How is oxygen released in Ascaris?
Definition
By the chemical breakdown of glycogen stores in the body.
Term
How does food diffuse in Ascaris?
Definition
Food difuses from the intestine into the fluid that fills the psuedocoelm
Term
Do nematodes have cillia?
Definition
No
Term
How do nematodes circulate materials in their pseudocoelomic fluid?
Definition
By movement of the worm
Term
The female reproductive system consits of a pair of very long convoluted tubes that ultimately join and lead to what pore?
Definition
The genital pore
Term
The thinnest of the tubes usually near the posterior end of the nematoda is what?
Definition
The ovaries
Term
The ovaries gradually enlarge into slightly thicker _______?
Definition
Oviducts
Term
Oviducts have what function?
Definition
Oviducts transport eggs produced by the ovaries to the uteri (plural for uterus)
Term
Is the uteri thicker or thinner than oviducts?
Definition
Thicker
Term
What is the plural word for Uterus?
Definition
Uteri
Term
The uteri merge to form a short tube known as the __________?
Definition
Vagina
Term
The vagina leads to the _______ pore?
Definition
Geneital
Term
Female Ascaris releases how many eggs per day into the pig intestine?
Definition
200,000 - 2 Million eggs per day
Term
Infection by Ascaris results from what?
Definition
From unsanitary conditions that lead to the ingestion of eggs that have been passed out of another infected organsim's digestive tract.
Term
In Ascaris the male reproductive tract consits of a ______ thread-like testis
Definition
Single
Term
Define testis
Definition
the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum.
Term
Why are bigger organisms divided into many cell compartments?
Definition
It's to increase the surface area to volume ratio.
Term
True or False: In Echinoderms, the larval stage exhibits bilateral symmetry and adults exhibit radial symmetry.
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Tagmatization describes the embryonic fusion of two or more body segments.
Definition
True
Term
Define Tagmatization
Definition
is a specialized grouping of arthropodan segments, such as the head, the thorax, and the abdomen with a common function. The segments of a tagma may be either fused or moveable.
Term
Which of the following is not one of the five definitive characteristics of chordates?
a.Post-anal tail
b.Vertebrae
c.Dorsal hollow nerve cord
d.Pharyngeal slits
e.Endostyle
Definition
b.Vertebrae
Term
True or False: Amphibians can live in moist terrestrial enviornments, but must enter fresh water in order to reproduce.
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Most fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are endothermic.
Definition
False
Term
All fish posses jaws. True or False
Definition
False
Term
True or False: Most fishes follow the mode of reproduction called oviparous.
Definition
True
Term
Which of the following groups of animals are amniotes?
a.Reptiles,Amphibians,Birds,Mammals
b.Amphibians,Birds,Mammals
c.Fish,Birds,Reptiles
d.Reptiles,Birds,Mammals
Definition
d.Reptiles,Birds,Mammals
Term
Which characteristic of chordates probably first evolved as a filter-feeding structure and secondarily became adapted for respiration?
a.Endostyle
b.Gills
c.Pharyngeal slits
d.Branchiostegal rays
Definition
c.Pharyngeal slits
Term
What one of the following is not one of the advantages of an exoskeleton?
a.Impermeable layer
b.Growth
c.Support
d.Rigid attachments for muscles
Definition
b.Growth
Term
What is the unique feature of echinoderms?
Definition
Term
What structure is unique to mollusks?
Definition
Term
Hookworms is also known as_______? How can the infect animals?
Definition
Hookworms also known as : Ancylostoma
Animals can get them by contact with soil infested with juveniles the burrown into the skin; common in southern states
Term
Pinworms are also known as___________?
They infect by?
Definition
Pinworms are also known as Enterobius.
They infect through inhalation of dust ccontaining ova and by contamination with fingers; most common worm parasite in the U.S.
Term
Intestinal Roundworms are also known as _________? They infect by?
Definition
Intestinal Roundworms are also known as Ascaris. They infect by Ingestion of ova containing embryos in contaminated food, common in rural areas of Appalachia and southern states
Term
Trichina worm is also known as __________? They infect animals by?
Definition
Trichina worm is also known as Trichinella. They infect animals by ingestion of infected muscle, occasional in humans throughout North America.
Term
What structures are part of an earthworms digestive system and what are there functions?
Definition
Term
Name four definitive characteristics of Chordates
Definition
Post-anal tail
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
Endostyle
Term
In chordates what is the purpose / function of the post-anal tail?
Definition
Post anal tail
-generally supported by notochord or vertebral column
-provides method of locomotion in aquatic chordates
-present in humans as coccyx; in most other mammals as wagging tail.
Term
In chordates, what is the function / purpse of the dorsal hollow nerve cord?
Definition
Tubular nerve cord
-single, dorsal; anterior end enlarged into brain
-largely responsible for chordate success
-nerve cord runs along longitudinal axis, dorsal to notochord
-this central nervous system associated w/development of complex systems for
sensory perception, integration and motor responses
Term
In chordates, what is the function / purpose of pharyngeal slits?
Definition
Pharyngeal gill slits
-series of openings in pharyngeal region between digestive tract and outside body.
-in some chordates, have become:
*gill pouches (gills never break to outside)
*earliest chordates used them for filter feeding
*some (fishes) have developed gills in pharyngeal pouches for gas exchange
*gill slits of higher vertebrates are mainly embryonic
Term
In chordates, what is the function / purpose of Endostyle?
Definition
In chordates, the endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove.
Term
Name 3 interesting facts about Nematoda
Definition
From sand box and cat poop
Simple organs
beginning of muscle development
Term
echinoderm
Definition
a radially symmetrical invertebrate that lives on the ocean floor and has an internal skeleton and a water vascular system
Term
endoskeleton
Definition
an internal skeleton
Term
water vascular system
Definition
fluid filled internal tubes that carry food and oxygen, removes waste, help with movement
Term
Examples of Nematoda
Definition
thin worms, round worms, and worm-from dogs
Term
Reproduction of Nematoda
Definition
A sexual and sexual
Term
Excretipon of Nematoda
Definition
Defusion
Term
How are platyhelminthes recognized?
Definition
Called flatworms, they have a dorsoventrally flattened body
Term
Triploblastic
Definition
Organisms that have a third major tissue layer, the mesoderm, that develops between the embryological ectoderm and endoderm.
Term
tube feet
Definition
suction cup-like feet that squeeze together forcing water into structures
Term
Describe Platyhelminthes
Definition
flattened bodies, triploblastic, have a recognizable head and tail, bilaterally symmetrical, lack a body cavity, acoelomates, well developed nervous, excretory, muscular and digestive systems, have the organ-system level of complexity, incomplete digestive tract because only has one opening for both mouth and anus, some parasitic organisms live in thier hosts' gut and absorb their nutrients; these organisms completly lack a digestive tract
Term
acoelomates
Definition
organisms that lack a body cavity between the gut and the outer body wall
Term
Describe nematoda
Definition
Common: Round worms because of their nearly-circular cross section
have a complete digestive tract
one of their major adaptations is their cuticle, excreted by the epidermis
Term
Why are the cross sections of nematodes circular?
Definition
because they hold in so much pressure that their sides bulge in all directions
some are freeliving while some are parasitic
bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic
Term
pseudocoel
Definition
the cavity found in a tube within a tube body form. it is found between the wall of the gut and the body wall. it functions in the circulation and distribution of material throughout the body as a hydrostatic skeleton functioning in locomotion.
Term
The classification of worms is based on their what?
Definition
Shape
Term
A planarian is a member of what phylum?
Definition
Platyhelminthes
Term
The ability of an organism to regrow lost parts is called what?
Definition
Regeneration
Term
Complete digestive tract
Definition
there is an anus seprate from a mouth and food travels through a tract in only one direction
Term
Seminal Vessel
Definition
leads to the ejaculatory duct. The testis leads to a sperm duct which leads to the seminal vessel which leads to the ejaculatory duct which leads to the genital pore.
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