Term
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Definition
| collection of orans and cells that secrete chemical signals into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical signal that circulates through body fluids and affects distant target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical impulses that have a short-term effect on a single cell or on a small population of adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| act on the same cell that secretes them |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse locally and act on neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones carried between cells by blood or other body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse a short distance between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| released from neurons but are carried by blood or other body fluids and act on distant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| released into the environment and act on a different individual |
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Term
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Definition
| amplify the response of a cell to a stimulus (autocrine) and can trigger responses by other cells of the immune system (paracrine) |
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Term
| insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
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Definition
cell-cell signals produced by three distinct populations of cells within a reigion of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans and act on nearby pancreatic cells as paracrine signals and ensure a smooth, steady response to changing blood-glucose levels
also act as hormones (target distant cells) in controlling the concentration of glucose in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete organs that produce endocrine signals |
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Term
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Definition
| when an action potential arrives at a synapse, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell and induce a change in membrane potential - altering the tendency for the postsynaptic cell to fire action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny gap between two neurons |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| aka vasopressin; neuroendocrine signal produced by neurons that originate in the hypothalamus of the brain; acts on cells in the collecting duct of the kidney to help regulate water excretion |
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Term
| pheromones in urchins and insects |
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Definition
| help coordinate reproduction in males and emales or function in attracting mates |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to external and internal information by releasing neuroendocrine signals that act on effector cells directly or stimulate cells in the endocrine system, which respond by producing a hormone |
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Term
| negative feedback (aka feedback inhibition) |
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Definition
| the product of a process inhibits its production |
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Term
| feedback inhibition in cell-cell signaling |
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Definition
| reduces production and/or secretion of the hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| organs that secrete a hormone into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Growth-hormone-releasing hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates release of GH (aka somatotropin) from pituitary gland |
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Term
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| stimulates release of ACTH from pituitary gland |
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Term
| Thyroid-releasing hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates release of TSH from thyroid gland |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| stimulates release of FSH and LH from pituitary gland |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| promotes reabsorption of H2O by kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| induces labor and milk release from mammary glands in females |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Definition
| involved in production of sex hormones; regulate menstrual cycle in females |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production in females |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in females |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares uterus for pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in males |
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Term
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Definition
| increases synthesis of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces many effects related to short-term stress response |
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Term
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Definition
| produces many effects related to short-term and long-term stress responses |
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Term
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Definition
| increases reabsorption of NA+ by kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| increases metabolic rate and heart rate; promotes growth |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by Parathyroid glands |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| Hormones produced by Hypothalamus |
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Definition
Growth-hormone relasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyroid-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin |
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Term
| Hormones produced by Anterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
Growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL) |
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Term
| Hormones produced by Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by Ovaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by Testes |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by Kidneys |
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Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Vitamin D |
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Term
| Hormones produced by Thyroid Gland |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones produced by Adrenal Glands |
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Definition
epinephrine
Cortisol
Aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| region deep within the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| sits just below the hypothalamus and has distinct anterior and posterior regions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| four; embedded in the thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
| two; lie in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| sit atop the kidneys and have an outer cortex and a central medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine component of _____ is located in the anterior part of the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| in or suspended below the pelvic cavity, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the exocrine portion of the pancreas |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic hormone |
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Definition
| causes the kidney to excrete salt |
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Term
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Definition
| helps regulate the amount of fat stored in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| deliver their secretions through outlets called ducts into a space other than the circulatory system |
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Term
| exocrine portion of pancreas |
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Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into the intestine |
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Term
| endocrine portion of pancreas |
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Definition
| consists of cells that secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream |
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Term
| 3 major classes of chemicals that can act as hormones in animals |
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Definition
| polypeptides, amino acid derivatives, or steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; not lipid soluble; bind to receptors on surface of target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of lipids distinguished by a four-ring structure; lipid soluble; bind to receptors inside target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| steroid that synthesizes cortisol in the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid that synthesizes epinephrine in the adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| most not lipid soluble; bind to receptors on surface of target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| low, but their effects are large |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the thyroid gland; derived from the amino acid tyrosine but is lipid soluble |
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Term
| differences in solubility |
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Definition
| important because steroids and thyroxine cross plasma membranes much more readily than do other types of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| all polypeptides and most amino acid derivatives bind to a receptor on the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell |
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Term
| adding dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) to the small intestine |
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Definition
| mimics the arrival of acidic material from the stomach, stimulating the pancreas to secrete compounds that neutralize the acid |
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Term
| removal of adrenal glands |
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Definition
| rapidly leads to death due to low blood sodium, low blood sugar, and low blood pressure |
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Term
| injecting adrenal extracts |
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Definition
| corrects low blood sodium, low blood sugar, and low blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinate the activities of cells in response to three situations: (1) development, reproduction, and growth, (2) environmental challenges, (3) homeostasis |
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Term
| growth hormones and sex hormones |
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Definition
| play crucial roles in promoting cell division, increasing overall body size, and promoting sexual differentiation as an individual matures |
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Term
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Definition
| species juveniles live in water while adults live on land |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of changing from an immature, aquatic tadpole to a sexually mature, terrestrial frog, toad, or salamander |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in response to a signal from the brain; thyroid hormone responsible for most of the changes observed in metamorphosis |
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Term
| cell response to increased levels of T3 |
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Definition
1) by growing and forming new structures, such as legs
2) by dying, as structures - such as a tadpole's tail - disintegrate
3) Or, by changing structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous waste product released by adults |
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Term
| holometabolous metamorphosis |
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Definition
| juvenile-to-adult transition of larvae as they undergo a series of molts in which they shed their old exoskeleton, expand their bodies, and produce a new exoskeleton; secrete a tough case called a pupa; inside pupal case, specific populations of larval cells give rise to a completely new adult body |
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Term
| metamorphosis in insects depends on ____ |
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Definition
juvenile hormone (JH)
20-hydroxyecdysone (aka ecdysone) |
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Term
| if high concentration of juvenile hormone (JH) |
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Definition
| then surges of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) induce the growth of a juvenile insect via molting |
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Term
| if low concentration of juvenile hormone (JH) |
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Definition
| then 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) triggers a complete remodeling of the body - metamorphosis - and the transition to adulthood and sexual maturity |
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Term
| long distance cell-to-cell signals |
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Definition
| play key roles as embryos develop |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| primary sex determination |
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Definition
process; events early in development dictate whether gonads of a vertebrate embryo become male (testes) or female (ovaries);
does not depend on hormone action |
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Term
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Definition
| testosterone and Mullerian inhibitory substance |
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Term
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Definition
| steroid hormone that induces early development of the male reproductive tract |
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Term
| Mullerian inhibitory substance |
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Definition
| polypeptide hormone that inhibits development of the female reproductive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| steroid hormone required for further development of the female reproductive tract; in the family of molecules called estrogens |
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Term
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Definition
| surges of sex hormones lead to the physical and emotional changes associated with developmental changes that create the adult phenotype and the ability to produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of penis and testes and growth of facial and body hair |
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Term
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Definition
| increased concentrations of estradiol lead to the enlargement of breasts, the onset of menstruation, and other changes |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger the release of sex hormones through things like increasing day lenth, warmth, or the onset of seasonal rains |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate sperm production and the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| signals that control the cell cycle that are regulated by GH |
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Term
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Definition
| stops when sex hormone concentrations fall at the end of puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine and causes the gallbladder to eject bile salts into the intestine to emulsify fats |
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Term
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Definition
| signal the arrival of food and regulate the release of molecules that aid digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| short-term reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| aka adrenaline; released when action potentials from your sympathetic nerves stimulate adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrations of free fatty acids and glucose in the blood, pulse rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consuption by the brain increase |
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Term
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Definition
| lead to a state of heightened alertness and increased energy use that prepares the body for rapid, intesne action such as fighting or fleeing |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that ensures the continued availability of glucose for use by the brain during long-term stress |
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Term
| cortisol manages three main processes that maintain glucose production |
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Definition
1) induces the synthesis of liver enzymes that make glucose from amino acids and other chemical precursors
2) makes adipose tissue and resting muscles resistant to insulin
3) promotes the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue for use by the heart and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| body's major fuel molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by insulin to remove glucose from the blood stream; cortisol makes these cells and resting muscle cells resistant to insulin so glucose is reserved for use by the brain and exercising muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| (aka cortisol); makes amino acids available for glucose and impairs wound healing and suppresses immune and inflammatory responses |
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Term
| long-term stress response |
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Definition
| compromise - a fitness trade-off becuase the fuel requirements of the brain are met at the expense of other tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical condition inside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| depend on a sensory receptor that monitors conditions relative to a normal value, or set point, an integrator that processes info from the sensor, and effector cells that return conditions to the se tpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid that is an effective energy-storage molecule because large amounts of ATP can be generated when its three fatty-acid subunits are oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| make up the fat bodies found in insects and other species and the adipose tissue of mammals and stores triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
| "stop eating" hormone - a negative feedback signal in homeostasis with respect to fat stores |
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Term
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Definition
| a polypeptide hormone that is secreted into the blood by adipocytes and interacts with a specific receptor located in many tissues, including areas of the brain known to control feeding behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| directly or indirectly controlled by the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| stop in growth, inability to maintain a normal body temperature, suffering of atrophy (shrinkage) of their genitals, thyroid glands, and adrenal cortexes |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| a molecule from the pituitary gland that affects the adrenal gland; released in response to a molecule produced by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| peptide 41 amino acids long that stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH into the bloodstream |
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Term
| what stops glucocorticoid secretion? |
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Definition
| accomplish feedback inhibition - they suppress their own production |
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Term
| glucocorticoid levels too high |
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Definition
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Term
| glucocorticoid levels too low |
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Definition
| ACTH levels rise and drive a compensatory increase in glucocorticoid production |
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Term
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Definition
| an unrelenting stress response that depletes the body's protein reserves; fatal if not treated |
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Term
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Definition
| causes blood ACTH and cortisol levels to remain much higher throughout the day than they are in the unstressed state |
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Term
| hypothalamic-pituitary axis |
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Definition
| forms two anatomically distinct system |
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Term
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Definition
| develops from cells in an embryo's mouth and throat lining; secretes regulatory hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of the brain; stores neuroendocrine signals |
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Term
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Definition
| release hormones under the control of brain regions responsible for integrating information about the external or internal environment |
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Term
| neurosecretory cells that project from the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| produce the hormones ADH and oxytocin, which are then stored in the posterior pituitary, where ADH and oxytocin are released into the bloodstream |
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Term
| neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| secrete stimulatory or inhibitory neuroendocrine signals to the anterior pituitary, which alters the secretion of hormones that enter the bloodstream and act on target tissues or glands |
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Term
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Definition
| family of molecules that epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to; function as neurotransmitters as well as hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| released by some sympathetic nerves directly onto target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| initiate changes in gene expression in neurons |
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Term
| How are hormone concentrations regulated? |
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Definition
| negative feedback and stimulatory or inhibitory signals from the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique to separate molecules in target cells by size |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinctive DNA-binding region on steroid-hormone receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| sections of a protein that make physical contact with DNA |
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Term
| hormone-response elements |
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Definition
| specific sites in DNA located just upstream (in the 5' direction) from the start of target genes where steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind |
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Term
| Change in gene expression |
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Definition
| when a regulatory protein such as a steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to the hormone-response element for that gene |
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Term
| how steroid hormones affect target cells |
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Definition
1. estradiol or another steroid hormone enters a cell
2. in target cells, the hormone binds to its receptor. The binding event causes a conformational change in the receptor.
3. the hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and stimulates transcription
4. Many mRNAs are produced
5. Each mRNA is translated many times |
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Term
| hormone signal amplification |
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Definition
| each hormone-receptor complex leads to the production of many copies of the gene product so signal is amplified |
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Term
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Definition
| changed into a form that is active inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a chemical message at the cell surface triggers a response inside the cell where cell-surface receptors 'read' hormonal messages and initiate an appropriate response |
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Term
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Definition
| four distinct receptors (2 alpha and 2 beta), each found in a distinct tissue type and each inducing a different response from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that cleaves glucose molecules off glycogen; present in liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
| primary source of blood glucose during the fight-or-flight response |
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Term
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
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Definition
| a molecule that activates phosphorylase; second messenger |
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Term
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Definition
| a nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration inside a cell in response to a received signal - a molecule that binds at the surface |
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Term
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase A |
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Definition
| is binded with cAMP and responds by phosphorylating the enzyme phosphorylase kinase, which then phosphorylates phosphorylase |
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Term
| signal transduction cascade |
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Definition
| process of phosphorylating phosphorylase; initially triggered by the synthesis of cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| activated when epinephrine binds to its receptor which in turn activates Adenylyl cyclase |
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Term
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Definition
1. cAMP transmits the signal from the cell surface to the signaling cascade
2. together, cAMP production and the subsequent phosphorylation events amplify the original signal from epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the formation of at least 100 molecules of cAMP which in turn activate many molecules of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A which then activates many molecules of phosphorylase kinase, and so on |
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Term
| calcium ions (Ca2+), IP3 Diacylglycerol (DAG), and 3',5'-cyclic GMP (cGMP) |
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Definition
| common second messengers in hormone response systems |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to exert their effects through changes in gene expression; activate transcription factors that lead to the production of new proteins |
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Term
| polypeptide and amino-acid-derived hormones |
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Definition
| activate a specific protein or set of proteins, usually by phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger signal transduction cascades that activate existing proteins |
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Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| hypothalamus; directs LH and FSH pulses |
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Term
| luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| pituitary; trigger increases in testosterone and estradiol |
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Term
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Definition
| induces surges in LH and FSH followed by puberty onset |
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Term
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Definition
| a monthly reproductive cycle in the human ovary (~28days) |
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Term
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Definition
| expulsion of the uterine lining; day 0 |
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Term
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Definition
| a follicle matures, lasts 14 days |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with ovulation, lasts 14 days |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from the ruptured follicle; degenerates during the luteal phase |
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Term
| only humans and great apes ____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the lining of the uterus is reabsorbed if pregnanacy does not occur; sexually receptive only during estrus (i.e. being in heat) |
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Term
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Definition
| fairly constant except for a spike that begins prior to ovulation, suggesting it might be the trigger for this event |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively high during follicular phase and low during the luteal phase; make small spike prior to ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| very low during follicular phase, high during luteal phase; suggests it might support maturation of the thickened uterine lining |
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Term
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Definition
| peak late in the follicular phase |
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Term
| changes in concentration of estradiol and progesterone |
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Definition
| affect the release of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit both FSH and LH. It exerts only negative feedback on the pituitary hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| uterus sheds much of lining; follicle beginning to develop in one ovary under the influence of FSH; follicle produces estradiol and progesterone, suppressing LH secretion through negative feedback inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Follicle grows; production of estradiol gradually increases, stimulating mitosis and an increase in cell # in uterine lining; enlarged follicle produces lots of estradiol, exerting positive feedback on LH secretion, resulting in a spike in LH levels, just after estradiol concentrations peak; LH surge triggers ovulation and ends follicular phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle, secreting large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estradiol in response to LH, lowering production of LH and FSH and activating the thickened uterine lining creating a spongy tissue with a well-developed blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone levels fall, degenerating the thickened lining of the uterus; GnRH, LH, and FSh are released from the inhibitory control that progesterone exerts; LH and FSH levels rise, new menstrual cycle begins |
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Term
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Definition
| menstrual cycle is interrupted; corpus luteum does not degenerate and progesterone and estradiol levels stay high; menstruation does not occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| a young, developing organism |
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Term
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Definition
| divide and make more cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the location, timing, and extent of cell division have to be tightly controlled |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for cell proliferation in eukaryotes |
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Term
| mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) |
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Definition
| regulatory protein complex that initiates mitosis in cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| give rise to the stems, roots, leaves, flowers, and other structures that develop throughout life; present in same locations in embryonic and adult plants and perform same function |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to almost any differentiated cell type in the body; found in specific locations in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka apoptosis; occus as certain tissues and organs take shape |
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Term
| cell movement or differential expansion |
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Definition
| cells can move past one another within a block of animal cells, causing drastic shape changes in the embryo. Certain cells can break away from a block of animal cells and migrate to new locations. Plant cells can divide along certain planes and expand specific directions, causing dramatic changes in shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells specialize at specific times and places in a stepwise fashion. cells that do not undergo differentiation are called stem cells in animals. many plant cells are capable of de-differentiating |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryonic cells divide, die, grow, move, or differentiate in response to signals from other cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| either too much or too little - implicated in certain diseases of adults (e.g. ALS) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells in different parts of the mass rearrange themselves into three distinctive layers which then give rise to the skin, gut, and other basic parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive, step-by-step process of becoming a specialized type of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| change structure and function, even after the cell has specialized |
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Term
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Definition
| all powerful cels that can de/redifferentiate |
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Term
| most important cell-cell interactions during development |
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Definition
| sending and receiving signals |
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Term
| arrival of cell-cell signals |
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Definition
| changes patterns of gene expression and thus the embryonic cell's structure and behavior |
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Term
| differentiation of a cell occurs through____ |
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Definition
| differential gene expression |
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Term
| differentiated plant cells |
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Definition
| are genetically equivalent |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in chromatin structure, regulatory transcription factors, RNA processing, miRNA activity, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| a copy; E.g. Dolly the sheep; cloned by transplanting nuclei from mature cells |
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Term
| How do eukaryotic cells control gene expression? |
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Definition
| chromatin remodeling, chromatin modification, transcription regulation, alternative splicing of mRNAs, selective destruction of mRNAs, translation rate, and activation and deactivation of proteins after they are translated |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental level of control in differential gene expression during development |
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Term
| regulatory transcription factors |
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Definition
| controlls transcription; influence chromatin remodeling and bind to promoter-proximal elements, enhancers, silencers, or other regulatory sites in DNA |
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Term
| differential gene expression |
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Definition
| predominantly based on transcriptional control; different types of cells have different types of transcription factors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| tell cells where they are in time and space; this info activates transcription factors that turn specific genes on or off, resulting in differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the events that determine the spatial organization of an embryo; progressive |
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Term
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Definition
| coded for a signal that tells cells where they are located along the anterior-posterior body axis |
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Term
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Definition
| adding a label to single stranded copies of DNA or RNA molecules - specifically, to molecules that are complementary in sequence to the mRNA of sequence; probes designed to bind to bicoid mRNA inside the embryo; the labeled probes marked the location of the mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory transcription factor; abundant in the anterior end but declines to progressively lower concentrations in the posterior end; binds to DNA and activates genes required for the formation of anterior structures |
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Term
| high concentration of bicoid |
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Definition
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Term
| medium concentration of bicoid |
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Definition
| youre in the middle of the body |
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Term
| low concentration of bicoid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when bicoid is lacking, cells throughout the embryo get the 'youre in the posterior' message |
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Term
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Definition
| cell-cell signal in plant embryos that enters cells and triggers the production of transcription factors that affect differentiation; produced in meristematic cells at the tip, or apex, of the growing embryo and is transported toward the base |
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Term
| high concentration of auxin |
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Definition
| youre near the top of the shoot |
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Term
| when auxin accumulates at the root |
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Definition
| youre near the base of the root |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules, in both plants and animals, that provide spatial information during early embryonic development via a concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| morphogens that have a fundamental impact on early development |
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Term
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Definition
| region of an animal body that contains a distinct set of structures and is repeated along its length |
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Term
| types of segmentation genes |
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Definition
| gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes |
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Term
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Definition
| early in development; define the general position of head, thorax, and abdominal regions |
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Term
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Definition
| later in development; demarcate the edges of individual segments |
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Term
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Definition
| later in development; delineate boundaries within individual segments |
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Term
| segmentation gene products |
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Definition
| establish the boundaries of each segment |
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Term
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Definition
| identify each segment's structural role; trigger the development of structures that are appropriate to each type of segment (such as legs, antennae, or wings) |
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Term
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Definition
| homeotic genes that regulate the effector genes that produce proteins required for these structures |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of one structure by another; occurs when cells get incorrect information about where they are in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| trigger the production of other regulatory signals and transcription factors, which trigger production of another set of signals and regulatory proteins, and so on |
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Term
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Definition
master regulator - establishes anterior-posterior gradient of embryo
gap genes - organize cells into groups of segments along anterior-posterior axis
pair-rule genes - organize cells into individual segments
segment polarity genes - establish anterior-posterior gradient within each segment
homeotic genes - trigger development of structures
effector genes - change proliferation, death, movement, and differentiation of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| act in a sequence, triggering gene cascades that provide progressively detailed info about where cells are located in time and space |
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Term
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Definition
| causes changes in cell proliferation, death, movement, differentiation, and interaction |
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Term
| hox genes in flies, mice, humans, and most other animals |
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Definition
| play a key role in identifying the position of cells along the head-to-tail axis of the body |
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Term
| genes in Hox complexes of animals |
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Definition
| homologous - meaning they are similar because they are descended from genes in a common ancestor |
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Term
| regulatory proteins and signals |
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Definition
| conserved and reused in an array of developmental contexts |
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Term
| evo-devo (evolutionary-developmental biology) |
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Definition
| focuses on understanding how changes in developmentally important genes have led to the evolution of new phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid reproductive cells |
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Term
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Definition
| mitotic and meiotic cell divisions leading up to the production of animal sperm and eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| union of a sperm and an egg |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid genome containing one allele of each gene |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme-filled structure in head region that allows sperm to penetrate the abrriers surrounding the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed in the neck; combines with a centriole contributed by the egg to form a centrosome, which is required for spindle formation during mitosis |
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Term
| main compartments of sperm |
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Definition
| head, neck, midpiece, tail |
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Term
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Definition
| produce ATP required to power movement; packed in the midpiece |
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Term
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Definition
| tail region; long structure composed of microtubules and surrounded by plasma membrane that whips back and forth to make swimming possible |
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Term
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Definition
| a fat and protein rich cytoplasm that is loaded into egg cells as they mature |
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Term
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Definition
| key developmental regulatory molecules that control the early events of development |
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Term
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Definition
| small, enzyme filled vesicles that are activated during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous, mat-like sheet of glycoproteins that forms outside the plasma membrane of eggs and surrounds the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| vitelline envelope in humans; unusually thick |
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Term
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Definition
| large gelatinous matrix that surrounds the vitelline envelope to further enclose the egg in some species |
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Term
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Definition
| must also be limited to a single sperm so that the zygote does not receive extra chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| protein on the head of sea urchin sperm that binds to the surface of sea urchin eggs in a species-specific manner |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple fertilization that would result in a zygote that had more than two copies of each chromosome |
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Term
| Preventing polyspermy in sea urchins |
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Definition
| fertilization results in the erection of a physical barrier to sperm entry. the process begins when sperm entry causes calcium ions (Ca2+) to be released from storage areas inside the egg.the cortical granules inside egg cell's plasma respond by fusing with the membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior, including proteases that digest the exterior-facing fragment of the egg-cell receptor for sperm, preventing any new sperm from binding to the egg surface |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps additional sperm from contacting the egg's plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid cell divisions that take place in a zygote immediately after fertilization; first step in embryogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are created by cleavage divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| a mass of blastomere cells the embryo consists of once cleavage is complete |
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Term
| fallopian tube, or oviduct |
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Definition
| a structure that connects reproductive organs called the ovary (organ in which the egg matures) and the uterus (organ in which the embryo develops) |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized type of blastula that results from cleavage which has two major populations of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| exterior of the blastocyst; thin walled; hollow structure |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cells inside the trophoblast; contains the cells that undergo gastrulation and develop into the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from a mixture of maternal cells and trophoblast cells to allow nutrients and wastes to be exchanged between the mother's blood and the embryo's blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fat and protein rich cytoplasm that is loaded into egg cells as they mature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| key developmental regulatory molecules that control the early events of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, enzyme filled vesicles that are activated during fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous, mat-like sheet of glycoproteins that forms outside the plasma membrane of eggs and surrounds the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitelline envelope in humans; unusually thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large gelatinous matrix that surrounds the vitelline envelope to further enclose the egg in some species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must also be limited to a single sperm so that the zygote does not receive extra chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein on the head of sea urchin sperm that binds to the surface of sea urchin eggs in a species-specific manner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple fertilization that would result in a zygote that had more than two copies of each chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Preventing polyspermy in sea urchins |
|
Definition
| fertilization results in the erection of a physical barrier to sperm entry. the process begins when sperm entry causes calcium ions (Ca2+) to be released from storage areas inside the egg.the cortical granules inside egg cell's plasma respond by fusing with the membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior, including proteases that digest the exterior-facing fragment of the egg-cell receptor for sperm, preventing any new sperm from binding to the egg surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeps additional sperm from contacting the egg's plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid cell divisions that take place in a zygote immediately after fertilization; first step in embryogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are created by cleavage divisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mass of blastomere cells the embryo consists of once cleavage is complete |
|
|
Term
| fallopian tube, or oviduct |
|
Definition
| a structure that connects reproductive organs called the ovary (organ in which the egg matures) and the uterus (organ in which the embryo develops) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized type of blastula that results from cleavage which has two major populations of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exterior of the blastocyst; thin walled; hollow structure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cluster of cells inside the trophoblast; contains the cells that undergo gastrulation and develop into the embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| derived from a mixture of maternal cells and trophoblast cells to allow nutrients and wastes to be exchanged between the mother's blood and the embryo's blood |
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