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| a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
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| A giant moleculeformed by the joing of smaller molecules. |
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| The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules |
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| A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule. |
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| A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removalof a water molecule. |
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| special macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells. |
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| a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. |
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| sugars and polymers of sugars |
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| The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
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| Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. |
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| a covalent bond fromed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
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| A polymer of glucose monomers |
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| a polymer of glucose that is like anylopectin but more extensivly branched. |
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| A major componant of the tough cell walls that enclose plant cells |
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| Mix poorly, if at all, with water |
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| constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. |
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| Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length |
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| consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. |
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| Afatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |
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| Has one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton. |
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| An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds. |
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| The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar hydrophilic head. |
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| Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. |
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| A common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| Consists of one or more polpeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
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| Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups |
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| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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| In a protien, its unique sequence of amino acids. |
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| In protiens, coils and folds that are the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. |
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| a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid. |
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| two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones. |
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| Irregular contortions of a protien molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, anddisulfide bridges. |
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| a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. |
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| Form where two cysteine monomers, amino acids with sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protien. |
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Definition
| The overall protien structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits. |
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| When the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the protien may unravel and lose its native shape. |
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| protien molecules that assist in the proper folding of other protiens. |
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| A thenique that depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. |
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| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a buleprint for protiens and, through the actions of protiens, for all cellular activities. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. |
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| A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribouse sugar and the nitrogenous bases adainine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. |
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| A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribouse sugar and the nitrogenous bases adainine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. |
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| macromolecules that exist as polymers |
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| A monomer of a polynucloetide |
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| Have a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The members of this family are cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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| a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Consist of adenine and guanine |
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| the sugar conneceted to the nitrogenous base in the necleotides of RNA |
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| the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA |
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| Two polynecleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis. |
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| The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |
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